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all possible support

  • 1 ♦ all

    ♦ all /ɔ:l/
    A a.
    1 tutto, tutta; tutti, tutte: all day, tutto il giorno; all the year round, (per) tutto l'anno; This is all the food we have, questo è tutto il cibo che abbiamo; in all honesty, in tutta onestà; with all my heart, con tutto il cuore; all my things, tutte le mie cose; all those books, tutti quei libri; all the others, tutti gli altri; all five candidates, tutti e cinque i candidati; DIALOGO → - In a sandwich bar- That's £2.80 all together please, sono £2,80 in tutto, prego
    2 ogni: all manner of people, gente di ogni genere; beyond all doubt, fuor d'ogni dubbio
    B pron.
    1 tutto: All was quiet in the house, in casa tutto taceva; That's all I want, è tutto ciò che voglio; All is not lost, non tutto è perduto; You're all I have left, tu sei tutto quel che mi rimane; She has it all, ha tutto quello che si può desiderare; He jumped into the river, clothes and all, si è gettato nel fiume, vestiti e tutto; eleven in all, undici in tutto
    2 tutti, tutte: They all told me the same thing, mi hanno detto tutti la stessa cosa; as you all (o all of you) know, come voi tutti (o tutti voi) sapete; We are all very glad, siamo tutti molto contenti; with us all (o with all of us) con noi tutti; con tutti noi
    C avv.
    1 del tutto; completamente; tutto, tutta, ecc.: all alone, tutto solo; tutto da solo; all worn out, completamente sfinito; She was dressed all in white, era vestita tutta di bianco; He's done it all by himself, l'ha fatto tutto da solo
    2 (dopo un numero) ( sport) pari: three all, tre pari; tre a tre; ( tennis) thirty all, trenta pari
    D n.
    one's all, il massimo ( che uno può fare); di tutto: to do one's all, fare di tutto; fare l'impossibile; to give (o to put) one's all, impegnarsi al massimo; mettercela tutta
    all and sundry, tutti; cani e porci (spreg.) □ all along, fin dal principio; fin dall'inizio, sempre: I knew it all along, lo sapevo fin dal principio; l'ho sempre saputo; He's been planning it all along, ha cominciato a progettarlo (o lo stava progettando) fin dall'inizio □ all-American, americano al cento per cento (o fino al midollo); tipicamente americano; americanissimo; ( anche) composto di soli americani; ( sport, di atleta universitario) che si è classificato come il miglior dilettante a livello nazionale □ ( USA) all around = all round ► sotto □ all at once, tutto a un tratto; di colpo: The vision disappeared all at once, la visione è sparita tutto a un tratto □ all but (+ agg.), quasi; pressoché; quasi del tutto: all but impossible, pressoché impossibile; The fog has all but lifted, la nebbia si è quasi del tutto diradata □ all one can do not to, molto difficile non (fare qc.): It was all I could do not to answer back, è stato molto difficile (o ho fatto fatica a) non ribattere □ all-clear ( sign), (segnale di) cessato allarme; (fig.) via libera, permesso di cominciare □ all-comers, tutti (quelli che vengono); chiunque venga; tutti i partecipanti; chiunque voglia partecipare: open to all-comers, aperto a tutti □ ( sport) all-comers record, miglior prestazione registrata su un territorio nazionale, o regionale, ecc. □ all-consuming, divorante; smodato □ all-day, che dura un giorno intero; che dura tutto il giorno □ all-embracing, onnicomprensivo; globale □ all-English, esclusivamente inglese; tutto d'inglesi □ to be all ears, essere tutto orecchie □ to be all eyes, essere tutt'occhi □ (fam. USA) all-fired, a. e avv., terribile; indiavolato; moltissimo: all-fired hurry, fretta indiavolata; all-fired mad, furibondo □ All Fool's Day, il primo d'aprile (giorno del «pesce d'aprile») □ (fam.) all for, decisamente a favore di; d'accordissimo con □ all get out = as all get out ► sotto □ (relig.) All Hallows, All-Hallowmass, Ognissanti □ all-important, di somma importanza; cruciale □ (fam.) all in, a. pred., stanco morto; sfinito; a pezzi □ all in, avv., all-in, a., tutto incluso; tutto compreso; complessivo: £350 all in, 350 sterline tutto compreso; all-in price, prezzo tutto compreso □ all in all, tutto sommato; tutto considerato; nel complesso □ all-in-one, tutto in uno; in un unico pezzo □ ( sport) all-in wrestling, lotta libera □ all-inclusive, comprensivo di tutto; tutto compreso: all-inclusive tour, «inclusive tour»; viaggio tutto compreso □ all-knowing, onnisciente □ all-male, per (o di) soli uomini □ all-night, che dura tutta la notte; aperto (o che funziona) tutta la notte □ ( USA) all-nighter, attività ( festa, ecc.) che dura tutta la notte; nottata ( di lavoro, studio, ecc.), tirata notturna; locale che resta aperto tutta la notte; uno che fa le ore piccole, nottambulo: to pull an all-nighter, lavorare (o studiare) tutta la notte; fare una tirata notturna □ all of, non meno di; almeno; come minimo: It'll cost you all of $80, ti costerà come minimo 80 dollari □ all of a sudden, tutt'a un tratto; improvvisamente □ all one, lo stesso; tutt'uno: It's all one to me, per me fa lo stesso (o è tutt'uno) □ all or nothing, senza via di mezzo: It's all or nothing!, o la va o la spacca!; an all-or-nothing attempt, un tentativo in cui ci si gioca tutto □ all out, avv. a tutta forza; mettendocela tutta; a più non posso; a oltranza; ( anche) completamente: to go all out for st. (o to do st.) mettercela tutta per ottenere qc. □ (fam.) all-out, a. totale; incondizionato; a oltranza; a fondo; energico; accanito: all-out attack, attacco a fondo; attacco in piena regola; all-out defence, difesa a oltranza; all-out effort, sforzo massimo; all-out support, appoggio incondizionato; all-out strike, sciopero a oltranza □ all over, dappertutto; dovunque; completamente; da cima a fondo: We looked all over for it, l'abbiamo cercato dappertutto; It's green all over, è tutto verde; all over the floor, su tutto il pavimento; all over France, dovunque in Francia; in tutta la Francia; The news was all over the town in no time, in men che non si dica la notizia fece il giro della città; all over the place (o, fam., the map, the shop), (sparso) dappertutto; in disordine; scompigliato; sconclusionato; caotico; (fam.) That's him all over!, è proprio da lui!; come lo riconosco! □ (fam.) to be all over sb., fare un sacco di feste a q.; soffocare di abbracci, ecc.; ( anche) sbaciucchiare; ( anche, sport) dominare, imporsi su □ (fam.) It's all over with him., per lui è finita; è spacciato □ all-over, su tutta la superficie; completo, integrale: an all-over pattern, un motivo che copre tutta la superficie; an all-over tan, un'abbronzatura integrale □ (polit.) all-party, di tutti i partiti; paritetico: all-party support, appoggio di tutti i partiti; all-party talks, trattative a cui partecipano tutti i partiti; all-party committee, commissione paritetica □ all-pervading, generale; generalizzato □ ( polizia, USA) all-points bulletin (abbr. APB) avviso a tutte le unità; allarme generale □ all-powerful, onnipotente; onnipossente □ all-purpose, multiuso; polivalente; per uso generale; comune: an all-purpose tool, un attrezzo multiuso; all-purpose flour, farina comune; all-purpose remedy, un rimedio generale □ all right, all-right all right, all-right □ (ass.) all-risk policy, polizza comprensiva di tutti i rischi □ all round, complessivamente □ all-round, eclettico; versatile; completo; polivalente; ( anche) generale, globale, a tutto campo: an all-round artist, un artista versatile; an all-round athlete, un atleta completo; all-round competence, competenza in ogni campo; all-round price, prezzo tutto incluso; prezzo globale □ all-rounder, persona eclettica, versatile; ( sport) atleta completo □ (relig.) All Saints' Day, Ognissanti □ (GB) all-seater, ( di stadio, ecc.) con solo posti a sedere □ all-seeing, onniveggente □ (fam. GB) all-singing all-dancing, multifunzionale; ( anche) spettacolare □ (relig.) All Souls' Day, il Giorno dei morti □ all-star, (cinem., TV, teatr.) composto di attori famosi; ( sport) composto di campioni: an all star cast, un cast di attori famosi □ all-terrain bicycle, mountain bike □ (trasp.) all-terrain vehicle, fuoristrada □ all the (+ compar.), tanto più; ancor più: The task is all the more difficult because…, il compito è reso ancor più difficile dal fatto che…; all the better [worse], tanto meglio [peggio]; All the more reason for coming, ragion di più per venire; all the more so because, tanto più che □ all the same, ugualmente; lo stesso; ciononostante; tuttavia; comunque: He was punished all the same, è stato punito lo stesso; All the same, you shouldn't have answered back, comunque tu non avresti dovuto replicare a quel modo □ It's all the same to me, per me è uguale (o non fa differenza) □ all the way, fino in fondo; senza riserve: I'm with you all the way, sono con te fino in fondo; to go all the way, andare fino in fondo (fig.); ( slang USA) avere rapporti sessuali completi □ all-time, di tutti i tempi; storico; massimo; assoluto: all-time high, livello massimo mai raggiunto; massimo storico; all-time record, primato assoluto; my all-time favourite singer, il mio cantante preferito in assoluto □ all told, in tutto: There were twenty, all told, ce n'erano venti in tutto □ all too, fin troppo: all too obvious, fin troppo evidente □ (aeron.) all-traffic service, servizio promiscuo □ (aeron.) all-up weight, peso lordo ( di aereo) □ (fam.) Is' all up with him, è finita per lui; non c'è più speranza per lui, è spacciato □ It's all very well, but…, d'accordo, ma…; va benissimo, ma… □ ( radio) all-wave receiver, ricevitore multibanda □ all-weather, per tutte le stagioni; (tecn.) ognitempo: (aeron.) all-weather aircraft, aereo ognitempo □ (autom., USA) all-wheel drive, trazione integrale □ ( slang USA) all wet, sbagliato; fuori strada; sballato □ all-year, che si trova (o che si può fare) tutto l'anno □ above all, soprattutto; prima di ogni altra cosa □ after all, dopo tutto; alla fin fine; in conclusione □ (fam. USA) as all get out, moltissimo; da morire; da pazzi: as furious as all get out, infuriato nero; imbufalito □ at all, (in frase neg.) affatto, assolutamente; (in frase condiz. o interr.) qualche, per caso: He is not at all clever, non è affatto intelligente; I don't agree with you at all, non sono affatto d'accordo con te; for no reason at all, senza alcun motivo; del tutto inspiegabilmente; in no time at all, immediatamente; in men che non si dica; If you have any doubts at all…, se ti venisse qualche dubbio…; If he had any sense at all…, se avesse un po' di buon senso…; Is it at all possible to…?, è per caso possibile…? □ for all, nonostante; a dispetto di; pur con: for all my efforts, a dispetto di tutti i miei sforzi; for all that, nonostante tutto □ for all I care, per quel che m'importa □ for all I know, per quel che so io; a quanto ne so io □ not all that, non così (come si potrebbe credere); non (poi) tanto: It's not all that easy, non è così facile; I am not all that old, non sono poi tanto vecchio □ (fam.) not all there, non tutto giusto; che ha qualche rotella fuor di posto; che non ci sta tutto con la testa □ of all people, of all things people, thing □ on all fours, a quattro zampe; carponi; gattoni □ when all is said and done, in fin dei conti; alla fin fine; tutto considerato □ (prov.) All's well than ends well, tutto è bene quel che finisce bene.
    NOTA D'USO: - all but-

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ all

  • 2 всемерная поддержка

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > всемерная поддержка

  • 3 всемерная поддержка

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > всемерная поддержка

  • 4 posible

    adj.
    possible.
    es posible que llueva it could rain
    dentro de lo posible, en lo posible as far as possible
    de ser posible if possible
    hacer posible to make possible
    hacer (todo) lo posible to do everything possible
    lo antes posible as soon as possible
    ¿cómo es posible que no me lo hayas dicho antes? how could you possibly not have told me before?
    ¡será posible! I can't believe this!
    ¡no es posible! surely not!
    * * *
    1 possible
    1 (dinero) means
    \
    de ser posible if possible
    hacer todo lo posible to do one's best
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [opción, solución] possible

    un posible compradora possible o potential buyer

    hacer algo posible — to make sth possible

    entra dentro de lo posible — it is within the bounds of possibility

    en la medida de lo posible — as far as possible, insofar as possible frm

    haremos todo lo posible por evitarlo — we shall do everything possible o all we can to avoid it

    2)

    es posible — (=probable, permitido) it is possible; (=realizable) it is feasible

    -¿crees que vendrá? -es posible — "do you think he'll come?" - "possibly o he might o it's possible"

    ¡eso no es posible! — it can't be!, that's not possible!

    es posible hacer algo — it is possible to do sth

    ¿sería posible comprar todavía las entradas? — would it still be possible to buy tickets?

    es posible que + subjun

    es posible que no pueda irI might o may not be able to go

    es muy posible que vuelva tarde — it's quite possible that I'll be back late, I may well be back late

    a o de ser posible — if possible

    si es posible — if possible

    si es posible, me gustaría verlo — I'd like to see him if possible

    le ruego que, si le es posible, acuda a la reunión — please come to the meeting if you possibly can

    si me fuera posible, te lo diría — if I could o if it were possible, I would tell you

    - ¿será posible?

    ¡pues sí que eres descarado! ¿será posible? — I can't believe you are so cheeky!

    ¿será posible que no haya venido? — I can't believe he hasn't come!

    2.
    ADV

    lo más... posible — as... as possible

    mejor 1., 2), c)
    3.
    SMPL Esp means
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo possible

    ¿crees que ganará? - es posible — do you think he'll win? - he might (do) o it's possible

    a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible — if possible

    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte — I'll do what I can to help you

    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible — she promised to do what she could to help (him)

    será posible! — (fam) I don't believe this! (colloq)

    ¿que se ha casado? no es posible! — he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! (colloq)

    ser posible — (+ me/te/le etc)

    ser posible + INF — to be possible to + inf

    no fue posible avisarles — it was impossible to let them know; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? — would you be able to see me today?

    ser posible QUE + SUBJ: es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true; es posible que se haya perdido it may have got(ten) lost; ¿será posible que no lo sepa? — surely she must know!

    II
    * * *
    = eligible, feasible, manageable, possible, potential, prospective, viable, would-be + Nombre, conceivable, plausible, candidate, realisable [realizable, -USA], satisfiable, doable, likely.
    Ex. And yet, everyone knows that historically only a very small portion of the eligible users have ever crossed the threshold of a public library.
    Ex. Other words which might be feasible access points in a general index prove worthless in an index devoted to a special subject area.
    Ex. In simple terms, the essence of subject organisation is the division of literature (or references to literature) into manageable, or scannable categories, with each category being associated with an index term.
    Ex. Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.
    Ex. The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex. The advocacy of title entry for serials implies an ideology which focuses on the publication as the principal object of interest of the prospective library user rather than the work conveyed by the book or publication.
    Ex. With printed thesauri there are limits on space, if the publication is to be economically viable, and easy to handle.
    Ex. The only viable alternatives open to would-be users are to produce or commission the production of custom-made application programs.
    Ex. This article emphasises the importance of a preservation plan that includes ways of dealing with every conceivable type of disaster a library might experience.
    Ex. This incompleteness of search and retrieval therefore makes possible, and plausible, the existence of undiscovered public knowledge.
    Ex. A thesaurus developed with such a module can support the addition of candidate terms to the thesaurus during the indexing process.
    Ex. Barbara Tillett's vision of one seamless bibliographic system, either real or virtual, looks realizable over a 5 to 10 year horizon.
    Ex. The result is a pair of overlapping sets of sufficient conditions for autonomy that are argued to be satisfiable by real human agents.
    Ex. This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.
    Ex. The most likely causes of brain damage among low birthweight infants are prematurity and infections, not oxygen starvation.
    ----
    * al mejor precio posible = at the best possible price.
    * arreglárselas lo mejor posible = make + the best of things.
    * arreglarse lo mejor posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * candidato posible = eligible party.
    * considerar como posible = entertain as + a possibility.
    * cuando antes + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * del mejor modo posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * dentro de lo posible = as far as possible.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * en las mejores condiciones posibles = in the best possible conditions.
    * hacer Algo posible = make + provision for.
    * hacer posible = provide for, make + possible, provide + a basis for, make + an opportunity.
    * hacer posible el crecimiento = accommodate + growth.
    * hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.
    * hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.
    * hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.
    * hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.
    * lo mejor posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability, at + Posesivo + (very) best, optimally.
    * lo menos posible = as little as possible.
    * posible comprador = suitor.
    * posible de ser consultado por máquina = machine-viewable.
    * posible de ser visto en pantalla = displayable.
    * sacar el mejor partido posible = get + the best of both worlds, get + the best of all worlds.
    * ser posible la coexistencia entre... = there + be + room for both....
    * ser posible (que) = be likely (to).
    * siempre que + ser + posible = whenever possible, when possible.
    * si eso no es posible = failing that/these.
    * si es posible = if possible.
    * si + ser + posible = when possible, whenever possible.
    * tan pronto como + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como sea posible = as far as possible.
    * tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * tener solución posible = be soluble.
    * todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo possible

    ¿crees que ganará? - es posible — do you think he'll win? - he might (do) o it's possible

    a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible — if possible

    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte — I'll do what I can to help you

    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible — she promised to do what she could to help (him)

    será posible! — (fam) I don't believe this! (colloq)

    ¿que se ha casado? no es posible! — he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! (colloq)

    ser posible — (+ me/te/le etc)

    ser posible + INF — to be possible to + inf

    no fue posible avisarles — it was impossible to let them know; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? — would you be able to see me today?

    ser posible QUE + SUBJ: es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true; es posible que se haya perdido it may have got(ten) lost; ¿será posible que no lo sepa? — surely she must know!

    II
    * * *
    = eligible, feasible, manageable, possible, potential, prospective, viable, would-be + Nombre, conceivable, plausible, candidate, realisable [realizable, -USA], satisfiable, doable, likely.

    Ex: And yet, everyone knows that historically only a very small portion of the eligible users have ever crossed the threshold of a public library.

    Ex: Other words which might be feasible access points in a general index prove worthless in an index devoted to a special subject area.
    Ex: In simple terms, the essence of subject organisation is the division of literature (or references to literature) into manageable, or scannable categories, with each category being associated with an index term.
    Ex: Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.
    Ex: The system permits the requester to specify up to five potential lending libraries, and the system transmits the requests to these libraries one at a time.
    Ex: The advocacy of title entry for serials implies an ideology which focuses on the publication as the principal object of interest of the prospective library user rather than the work conveyed by the book or publication.
    Ex: With printed thesauri there are limits on space, if the publication is to be economically viable, and easy to handle.
    Ex: The only viable alternatives open to would-be users are to produce or commission the production of custom-made application programs.
    Ex: This article emphasises the importance of a preservation plan that includes ways of dealing with every conceivable type of disaster a library might experience.
    Ex: This incompleteness of search and retrieval therefore makes possible, and plausible, the existence of undiscovered public knowledge.
    Ex: A thesaurus developed with such a module can support the addition of candidate terms to the thesaurus during the indexing process.
    Ex: Barbara Tillett's vision of one seamless bibliographic system, either real or virtual, looks realizable over a 5 to 10 year horizon.
    Ex: The result is a pair of overlapping sets of sufficient conditions for autonomy that are argued to be satisfiable by real human agents.
    Ex: This has opened up issues of what is & is not thinkable &, therefore, doable in the present conjuncture of crisis & instability.
    Ex: The most likely causes of brain damage among low birthweight infants are prematurity and infections, not oxygen starvation.
    * al mejor precio posible = at the best possible price.
    * arreglárselas lo mejor posible = make + the best of things.
    * arreglarse lo mejor posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * a ser posible = if possible.
    * candidato posible = eligible party.
    * considerar como posible = entertain as + a possibility.
    * cuando antes + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * del mejor modo posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * dentro de lo posible = as far as possible.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * en las mejores condiciones posibles = in the best possible conditions.
    * hacer Algo posible = make + provision for.
    * hacer posible = provide for, make + possible, provide + a basis for, make + an opportunity.
    * hacer posible el crecimiento = accommodate + growth.
    * hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard, give + Posesivo + best.
    * hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.
    * hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.
    * hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.
    * hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.
    * lo mejor posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability, at + Posesivo + (very) best, optimally.
    * lo menos posible = as little as possible.
    * posible comprador = suitor.
    * posible de ser consultado por máquina = machine-viewable.
    * posible de ser visto en pantalla = displayable.
    * sacar el mejor partido posible = get + the best of both worlds, get + the best of all worlds.
    * ser posible la coexistencia entre... = there + be + room for both....
    * ser posible (que) = be likely (to).
    * siempre que + ser + posible = whenever possible, when possible.
    * si eso no es posible = failing that/these.
    * si es posible = if possible.
    * si + ser + posible = when possible, whenever possible.
    * tan pronto como + Pronombre + sea posible = at + Posesivo + earliest convenience.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como sea posible = as far as possible.
    * tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * tener solución posible = be soluble.
    * todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.

    * * *
    possible
    ¿crees que se lo darán? — es posible do you think they'll give it to him? — they might (do) o it's possible
    su cambio de actitud hizo posible el diálogo his change of attitude made the talks possible, the talks were made possible by his change of attitude
    hazlo cuanto antes, hoy, a ser posible or (CS) de ser posible do it as soon as you can, today, if possible
    haré lo posible por or para ayudarte I'll do what I can to help you
    hicieron todo lo posible they did everything possible o everything they could
    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible or en la medida de lo posible she promised to help him insofar as she was able ( frml), she promised to do what she could to help (him)
    ¿que te preste más dinero? ¿será posible? ( fam); you want me to lend you more money? I don't believe this! ( colloq)
    ¿que se ha casado? ¡no es posible! he's got(ten) married? I don't believe it! o that can't be true! o surely not! ( colloq)
    evitó una posible tragedia he averted a possible o potential tragedy
    llegó con posibles fracturas he arrived with suspected fractures
    ser posible (+ me/te/le etc): llámame en cuanto te sea posible call me as soon as you can
    ven antes si te es posible come earlier if you can
    no creo que me sea posible I don't think I'll be able to
    ser posible + INF to be possible to + INF
    es posible encontrarlo más barato it's possible to find it cheaper
    no fue posible avisarles it was impossible to let them know, there was no way of letting them know, we were unable to let them know
    (+ me/te/le etc): no me fue posible terminarlo I wasn't able to finish it, I couldn't finish it
    ¿le sería posible recibirme hoy? would it be possible for you to see me today?, would you be able to see me today?, could you see me today?
    ser posible QUE + SUBJ:
    ¿y tú, te lo crees? — es posible que sea cierto what about you, do you believe that? — well it might o may o could be true
    es posible que se haya roto en tránsito it may have got(ten) broken in transit
    ¿será posible que no se haya enterado? can it be possible that she hasn't found out?, can she really not have found out?, surely she must have found out!
    ¿será posible que te atrevas a hablarme así? how dare you speak to me like that?
    deben ser lo más breves posible they should be as brief as possible
    envíemelo lo más pronto posible send it to me as soon as possible
    intenta hacerlo lo mejor posible try to do it as well as you can o the best you can
    ponlo lo más alto posible put it as high as possible
    * * *

     

    posible adjetivo
    possible;

    a ser posible or si es posible if possible;
    hicieron todo lo posible they did everything possible o everything they could;
    prometió ayudarlo dentro de lo posible or en lo posible she promised to do what she could to help (him);
    ¡no es posible! that can't be true! (colloq);
    en cuanto te sea posible as soon as you can;
    no creo que me sea posible I don't think I'll be able to;
    es posible hacerlo más rápido it's possible to do it more quickly;
    no me fue posible terminarlo I wasn't able to finish it;
    es posible que sea cierto it might o may o could be true
    ■ adverbio: lo más pronto posible as soon as possible;
    lo mejor posible the best you can
    posible
    I adjetivo possible: no me será posible viajar a Perú, it won't be possible for me to go to Peru
    II mpl posibles, means
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer todo lo posible, to do everything one can
    dentro de lo posible, as far as possible

    ' posible' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antes
    - brevedad
    - caber
    - comunicar
    - contienda
    - contingencia
    - contingente
    - deber
    - dinamitar
    - humanamente
    - justificación
    - mínima
    - mínimo
    - normalización
    - permitir
    - poder
    - probable
    - virtual
    - eventual
    - hacer
    - lo
    - mayor
    - medida
    - menor
    - menos
    - potencial
    - pronto
    English:
    aim
    - arbitration
    - bend
    - best
    - beyond
    - blow
    - cancel out
    - cheap
    - dispose of
    - do
    - effort
    - eventual
    - every
    - explanation
    - failing
    - far
    - job
    - length
    - lung
    - much
    - possible
    - potential
    - prospective
    - should
    - soliciting
    - spin out
    - try
    - utmost
    - well
    - anything
    - bound
    - can
    - escape
    - feasible
    - get
    - level
    - look
    - manageable
    - mobile
    - most
    - please
    - preferably
    - probable
    - prospect
    - soon
    - surely
    - suspect
    - that
    * * *
    adj
    possible;
    es posible que llueva it could rain;
    es posible que sea así that might be the case;
    ¿llegarás a tiempo? – es posible will you arrive in time? – possibly o I may do;
    ven lo antes posible come as soon as possible;
    dentro de lo posible, en lo posible as far as possible;
    dentro de lo posible intenta no hacer ruido as far as possible, try not to make any noise;
    a o [m5] de ser posible if possible;
    hacer posible to make possible;
    su intervención hizo posible el acuerdo his intervention made the agreement possible;
    hacer (todo) lo posible to do everything possible;
    hicieron todo lo posible por salvar su vida they did everything possible to save his life;
    lo antes posible as soon as possible;
    ¿cómo es posible que no me lo hayas dicho antes? how could you possibly not have told me before?;
    no creo que nos sea posible visitaros I don't think we'll be able to visit you;
    ¡será posible! I can't believe this!;
    ¿será posible que nadie le haya dicho nada? can it be true that nobody told her anything about it?;
    ¡no es posible! surely not!
    posibles nmpl
    (financial) means
    * * *
    I adj possible;
    en lo posible as far as possible;
    hacer posible make possible;
    hacer todo lo posible do everything possible;
    es posible que … perhaps …;
    es muy posible que it’s very possible that;
    ¿será posible? fam I don’t believe it! fam
    II mpl posibles: means pl ;
    con posibles well-off, well-to-do
    * * *
    posible adj
    : possible
    posiblemente adv
    * * *
    posible adj possible
    ser posible may / might
    ¿será posible? I don't believe it!

    Spanish-English dictionary > posible

  • 5 ayuda

    f.
    1 help, assistance (asistencia).
    acudir en ayuda de alguien to come/go to somebody's assistance
    nos fuiste de gran ayuda you were a great help to us
    no me sirvió de mucha ayuda it wasn't much help to me
    prestar ayuda to help, to assist
    ayuda en carretera breakdown service
    2 aid.
    ayuda al desarrollo development aid
    ayuda humanitaria humanitarian aid
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: ayudar.
    * * *
    1 help, aid, assistance
    2 (lavativa) enema
    \
    ir en ayuda de alguien to come to somebody's assistance
    prestar ayuda to help (a, -)
    * * *
    noun f.
    help, assistance, aid
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (=asistencia) help, assistance más frm

    ayuda a domicilio — home help, home helper (EEUU)

    ayudas a la navegación — aids to navigation, navigational aids

    ayuda compensatoria income support, welfare (EEUU)

    2) (Med) (=enema) enema; LAm (=laxante) laxative
    2.
    SM (=paje) page
    * * *
    1) ( asistencia) help

    nadie fue or acudió en su ayuda — nobody went to his aid

    2) (fam & euf) ( enema) enema
    * * *
    = aid, assistance, guidance, help, helpfulness, support, relief, enhancer, helper, facilitator, bursary, good offices, jump-start [jumpstart], helping hand, succour [succor, -USA].
    Ex. Indexing may be conducted entirely without the aid of a computer, or may rely to varying extents upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.
    Ex. Most information about terms and their relationships that could be of assistance to the user of the index will be transferred from the list to the index or catalogue.
    Ex. The command function 'HELP' is used to obtain guidance online when in difficulty.
    Ex. The entry is first located with the help of searching.
    Ex. Sometimes, in the interest of comprehension or helpfulness, modifications to the standard pattern are desirable.
    Ex. BSO was prepared by the International Federation for Documentation with the support of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), and was published in 1978/79.
    Ex. The report concluded that the problems of rural populations 'do not differ greatly from those of the urban population though the difficulties in obtaining help and relief can be exacerbated by isolation'.
    Ex. The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexers as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past.
    Ex. Once again careful planning pays dividends, and plenty of time and helpers are needed.
    Ex. Information technology may have acted as a catalyst or facilitator for some of the changes which have occurred.
    Ex. This article describes a 12 week study tour of the UK undertaken with the help of a bursary from the EU by a lecturer in library studies from Papua New Guinea.
    Ex. This enables the library to use the MPEs' good offices and contacts to influence the national government on projects which are important for the area.
    Ex. No hospital creates a healthier community all by itself but it can give its neighbors a jump-start.
    Ex. Fish hawks needed a helping hand and their comeback is one of the great wildlife success stories of our time.
    Ex. The Government has vowed to provide 'all possible succour' to the people affected by the cyclone that has left a trail of death and devastation.
    ----
    * ayuda a las víctimas de una catástrofe = disaster relief.
    * ayuda al desarrollo = development aid.
    * ayuda alimentaria = food aid.
    * ayuda con la declaración de hacienda = income tax assistance.
    * ayuda de asistencia = attendance grant.
    * ayuda de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.
    * ayuda de cámara = valet.
    * ayuda de emergencia = emergency relief.
    * ayuda del gobierno = state aid, state support.
    * ayuda doméstica = domestic help.
    * ayuda económica = grant, financial support, fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, cash grant.
    * ayuda educativa = educational aid.
    * ayuda en caso de catástrofe = disaster relief.
    * ayuda en pantalla = aid page.
    * ayuda estatal = state aid, state support.
    * ayuda familiar = family income supplement, family worker.
    * ayuda financiera = financial assistance, fund assistance.
    * ayuda humanitaria = humanitarian aid, disaster relief, humanitarian assistance.
    * Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).
    * ayuda legal = legal assistance.
    * ayuda memoria = aide-mémoire.
    * ayuda mutua = mutual help, mutual aid.
    * ayuda para dormir = sleeping aid.
    * ayuda para el desplazamiento = travel grant.
    * ayuda para la memoria = memory aid.
    * ayuda para recordar = memory aid.
    * ayudas = monies [money, -sing.].
    * ayuda sensible al contexto = context-sensitive help.
    * ayuda social = welfare benefits.
    * ayudas para la escritura = writing tools.
    * ayuda visual = visual aid.
    * buscar ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.
    * con la ayuda de = under the guidance of.
    * con + Posesivo + ayuda = under + Posesivo + guidance.
    * conseguir ayuda = secure + help.
    * dispositivo de ayuda a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive device.
    * hacerlo sin la ayuda de nadie = do + it + on + Posesivo + own.
    * herramienta de ayuda a la escritura = writing aid.
    * herramienta de ayuda a la lectura = reading aid.
    * herramientas de ayuda = helper utility.
    * herramientas de ayuda para la búsqueda = searching aid.
    * instrumento de ayuda a la enseñanza = teaching aid.
    * material de ayuda = help pack.
    * mostrador de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk].
    * ofrecer ayuda = offer + guidance, offer + assistance, provide + support.
    * ojo humano sin ayuda de lente, el = unaided eye, the.
    * pantalla de ayuda = help screen.
    * pedir ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * pedir ayuda a = enlist + the cooperation of.
    * política de ayuda = assistance policy.
    * prestar ayuda = provide + assistance, render + assistance, offer + guidance, offer + assistance, lend + a (helping) hand.
    * proyecto de ayuda = aid project.
    * proyecto de ayuda humanitaria = relief project.
    * recabar ayuda = solicit + help, solicit + support.
    * ser de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser una gran ayuda = be a tower of strength.
    * servicio de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help facility.
    * servir de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * sin ayuda = unaided, unassisted.
    * sin ayuda de nadie = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * sin la ayuda de nadie = single-handedly.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * solicitar ayuda = summon + help, seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * tecla de ayuda = help key.
    * teléfono de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help line, telephone help line.
    * * *
    1) ( asistencia) help

    nadie fue or acudió en su ayuda — nobody went to his aid

    2) (fam & euf) ( enema) enema
    * * *
    = aid, assistance, guidance, help, helpfulness, support, relief, enhancer, helper, facilitator, bursary, good offices, jump-start [jumpstart], helping hand, succour [succor, -USA].

    Ex: Indexing may be conducted entirely without the aid of a computer, or may rely to varying extents upon the facilities for the manipulation and ordering of data offered by the computer.

    Ex: Most information about terms and their relationships that could be of assistance to the user of the index will be transferred from the list to the index or catalogue.
    Ex: The command function 'HELP' is used to obtain guidance online when in difficulty.
    Ex: The entry is first located with the help of searching.
    Ex: Sometimes, in the interest of comprehension or helpfulness, modifications to the standard pattern are desirable.
    Ex: BSO was prepared by the International Federation for Documentation with the support of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), and was published in 1978/79.
    Ex: The report concluded that the problems of rural populations 'do not differ greatly from those of the urban population though the difficulties in obtaining help and relief can be exacerbated by isolation'.
    Ex: The low regard that many publishers have shown for indexers as enhancers of book sales and profitability may well have been justified in the past.
    Ex: Once again careful planning pays dividends, and plenty of time and helpers are needed.
    Ex: Information technology may have acted as a catalyst or facilitator for some of the changes which have occurred.
    Ex: This article describes a 12 week study tour of the UK undertaken with the help of a bursary from the EU by a lecturer in library studies from Papua New Guinea.
    Ex: This enables the library to use the MPEs' good offices and contacts to influence the national government on projects which are important for the area.
    Ex: No hospital creates a healthier community all by itself but it can give its neighbors a jump-start.
    Ex: Fish hawks needed a helping hand and their comeback is one of the great wildlife success stories of our time.
    Ex: The Government has vowed to provide 'all possible succour' to the people affected by the cyclone that has left a trail of death and devastation.
    * ayuda a las víctimas de una catástrofe = disaster relief.
    * ayuda al desarrollo = development aid.
    * ayuda alimentaria = food aid.
    * ayuda con la declaración de hacienda = income tax assistance.
    * ayuda de asistencia = attendance grant.
    * ayuda de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.
    * ayuda de cámara = valet.
    * ayuda de emergencia = emergency relief.
    * ayuda del gobierno = state aid, state support.
    * ayuda doméstica = domestic help.
    * ayuda económica = grant, financial support, fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, cash grant.
    * ayuda educativa = educational aid.
    * ayuda en caso de catástrofe = disaster relief.
    * ayuda en pantalla = aid page.
    * ayuda estatal = state aid, state support.
    * ayuda familiar = family income supplement, family worker.
    * ayuda financiera = financial assistance, fund assistance.
    * ayuda humanitaria = humanitarian aid, disaster relief, humanitarian assistance.
    * Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).
    * ayuda legal = legal assistance.
    * ayuda memoria = aide-mémoire.
    * ayuda mutua = mutual help, mutual aid.
    * ayuda para dormir = sleeping aid.
    * ayuda para el desplazamiento = travel grant.
    * ayuda para la memoria = memory aid.
    * ayuda para recordar = memory aid.
    * ayudas = monies [money, -sing.].
    * ayuda sensible al contexto = context-sensitive help.
    * ayuda social = welfare benefits.
    * ayudas para la escritura = writing tools.
    * ayuda visual = visual aid.
    * buscar ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * centro de ayuda al empleo = job-help centre.
    * con la ayuda de = under the guidance of.
    * con + Posesivo + ayuda = under + Posesivo + guidance.
    * conseguir ayuda = secure + help.
    * dispositivo de ayuda a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive device.
    * hacerlo sin la ayuda de nadie = do + it + on + Posesivo + own.
    * herramienta de ayuda a la escritura = writing aid.
    * herramienta de ayuda a la lectura = reading aid.
    * herramientas de ayuda = helper utility.
    * herramientas de ayuda para la búsqueda = searching aid.
    * instrumento de ayuda a la enseñanza = teaching aid.
    * material de ayuda = help pack.
    * mostrador de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk].
    * ofrecer ayuda = offer + guidance, offer + assistance, provide + support.
    * ojo humano sin ayuda de lente, el = unaided eye, the.
    * pantalla de ayuda = help screen.
    * pedir ayuda = seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * pedir ayuda a = enlist + the cooperation of.
    * política de ayuda = assistance policy.
    * prestar ayuda = provide + assistance, render + assistance, offer + guidance, offer + assistance, lend + a (helping) hand.
    * proyecto de ayuda = aid project.
    * proyecto de ayuda humanitaria = relief project.
    * recabar ayuda = solicit + help, solicit + support.
    * ser de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser una gran ayuda = be a tower of strength.
    * servicio de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help facility.
    * servir de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * sin ayuda = unaided, unassisted.
    * sin ayuda de nadie = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * sin la ayuda de nadie = single-handedly.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * solicitar ayuda = summon + help, seek + assistance, seek + help.
    * tecla de ayuda = help key.
    * teléfono de ayuda = help desk [helpdesk], help line, telephone help line.

    * * *
    A (asistencia, auxilio) help
    le prestaron toda la ayuda necesaria they gave him all the help he needed
    nadie fue or acudió en su ayuda nobody went to help him o went to his aid
    no quiso pedir ayuda she didn't want to ask for help
    ayudas para los proyectos de inversión incentives for investment projects
    ofrecieron ayuda económica a los damnificados they offered financial help o aid o assistance to the victims
    organizaciones de ayuda internacional international aid agencies
    no tiene ninguna ayuda en casa she has no help at home
    ha sido de gran ayuda it has been a great help
    poca ayuda no es estorbo every little helps
    con ayuda de un vecino mató mi padre un cochino well, with a little help from my/your/his friends …
    Compuestos:
    ( Esp) home-help service
    ayuda audiovisual/visual
    audiovisual/visual aid
    masculine valet
    humanitarian aid
    masculine aide-mémoire
    regional aid
    fpl (en Esp) family benefit
    B ( fam euf) (enema) enema
    * * *

     

    Del verbo ayudar: ( conjugate ayudar)

    ayuda es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    ayuda    
    ayudar
    ayuda sustantivo femenino ( asistencia) help;

    ayudas para la inversión incentives for investment;
    ha sido de gran ayuda it has been a great help
    ayudar ( conjugate ayudar) verbo transitivo
    to help;
    ayuda al prójimo to help one's neighbor;
    ¿te ayudo? do you need any help?;
    vino a ayudame she came to help me out;
    ayúdame a poner la mesa help me (to) set the table
    verbo intransitivo
    to help;
    ¿puedo ayuda en algo? can I do anything to help?
    ayuda sustantivo femenino help, assistance, aid: un joven vino en ayuda de los accidentados, a young man came to the aid of the injured people
    ayudar verbo transitivo to help: ¿puedes ayudarme a mover la mesa?, can you help me to move the table? ➣ Ver nota en help

    ' ayuda' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - acudir
    - asistencia
    - balón
    - beneficio
    - blandengue
    - colaboración
    - confiar
    - demanda
    - espaldarazo
    - estimar
    - facilidad
    - fortalecimiento
    - goteo
    - gratificación
    - nos
    - nunca
    - ofrecer
    - paliar
    - prestación
    - prioritaria
    - prioritario
    - recabar
    - retirar
    - sola
    - solo
    - urgir
    - utilidad
    - vital
    - agradecer
    - apreciar
    - auxilio
    - beca
    - becar
    - contar
    - desechar
    - desinteresado
    - despreciar
    - dispensar
    - disponer
    - espontáneo
    - evaporarse
    - favor
    - gracia
    - gritar
    - implorar
    - inapreciable
    - inestimable
    - material
    English:
    aid
    - appreciate
    - appreciative
    - ask for
    - assistance
    - backing
    - bat
    - bird
    - bootstrap
    - by
    - canvass
    - contribute
    - contribution
    - deny
    - do without
    - dramatically
    - foreign aid
    - forthcoming
    - give
    - grateful
    - greatly
    - help
    - hesitate
    - immediate
    - instrumental
    - major
    - navigate
    - own
    - quarter
    - relief
    - seek
    - service
    - single-handed
    - summon
    - support
    - supportive
    - unaided
    - valet
    - virtually
    - volunteer
    - without
    - afield
    - any
    - boon
    - deserving
    - hand
    - position
    - public
    - shape
    - single
    * * *
    nf
    1. [asistencia] help, assistance;
    acudir en ayuda de alguien to come/go to sb's assistance;
    nos fuiste de gran ayuda you were a great help to us;
    no me sirvió de mucha ayuda it wasn't much help to me;
    prestar ayuda to help, to assist
    ayuda en carretera Br breakdown service, US emergency road service; Informát ayuda en línea on-line help; Informát ayuda en pantalla onscreen help
    2. [económica, alimenticia] aid;
    un paquete de ayudas a la pequeña empresa a package of measures to help small businesses
    ayuda al desarrollo development aid;
    ayuda exterior foreign aid;
    ayuda extranjera foreign aid;
    ayuda humanitaria humanitarian aid;
    3. [limosna]
    una ayuda, por favor could you spare me some change, please?
    4. [enema] enema
    nm
    Hist ayuda de cámara royal valet
    * * *
    I f help, assistance;
    ayuda financiera financial help o aid o
    assistance;
    con la ayuda de with the help of;
    pedir ayuda a alguien ask s.o. for help;
    venir en ayuda de come to the aid o help of
    II m aide
    * * *
    ayuda nf
    1) : help, assistance
    2)
    * * *
    1. (en general) help

    Spanish-English dictionary > ayuda

  • 6 estudiar

    v.
    1 to study (carrera, libro, asunto).
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla after studying your proposal, I've decided not to accept it
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you a student?
    Lisa estudia arduamente Lisa studies hard.
    Lisa estudia todos los libros Lisa studies every book.
    Lisa estudia historia americana Lisa studies American history.
    2 to observe.
    3 to be a student, to study.
    4 to feel out, to study.
    El profesor estudia sus reacciones The teacher feels out their reactions.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to study, learn
    2 (en universidad) to read, study
    3 (trabajar) to work, study
    4 (observar) to examine, observe
    1 to study
    1 to consider
    \
    estudiar de memoria to learn by heart
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=aprender) [+ lección, papel] to learn
    2) (=cursar) to study

    ¿qué curso estudias? — what year are you in?

    3) (=examinar) [informe, experimento] to examine, look into; [persona] to study, look into

    el informe estudia los efectos de la sequíathe report examines o looks into the effects of the drought

    4) (=considerar) to consider, study

    estudiaremos su oferta y ya le contestaremoswe shall consider o study your offer and get back to you

    están estudiando la posibilidad de convocar una huelga — they are looking into the possibility of calling a strike, they are considering calling a strike

    2. VI
    1) (=aprender) to study
    2) (=cursar estudios) to study
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicinashe's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.
    Ex. With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.
    Ex. It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex. The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex. Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex. This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex. If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex. Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex. Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex. I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex. 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex. The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex. 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex. The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex. Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    ----
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicinashe's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.

    Ex: With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.

    Ex: It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex: The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex: Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex: This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex: If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex: Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex: Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex: I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex: 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex: The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex: 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex: The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex: Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.

    * * *
    estudiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹asignatura› to study; (en la universidad) to study, read ( frml)
    estudiaba inglés en una academia I used to study English at a language school
    estudia medicina en la universidad de Salamanca she's studying o doing o reading medicine at Salamanca university
    ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?, what did he study at college/university?, what (subject) did he take his degree in?
    2 ( Mús) ‹instrumento› to learn
    B ‹lección/tablas› to learn
    me tengo que poner a estudiar geografía para el examen I have to get down to studying o ( AmE) reviewing o ( BrE) revising geography for the test
    C (observar) to study
    estudia el comportamiento de las aves he studies the behavior of birds
    me di cuenta de que me estaba estudiando I realized that he was observing o watching o studying me
    D (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study; ‹propuesta› to study, consider
    están estudiando los pasos a seguir they're considering what steps to take
    estudiaron las posibles causas del accidente they looked into the possible causes of the accident
    ■ estudiar
    vi
    to study
    este fin de semana tengo que estudiar para el examen this weekend I have to do some work o studying for the test o I have to review ( AmE) o ( BrE) revise for the test
    estudia en un colegio privado he goes to a private school
    a ver si este año estudias más I hope you're going to work harder this year
    tuvo que dejar de estudiar a los 15 años para ayudar a su madre she had to leave school at 15 to help her mother
    estudiar PARA algo to study to be sth
    estudia para economista she's studying to be an economist
    no come nada, está estudiando para fideo ( hum); she doesn't eat a thing, she's in training for the slimming olympics ( hum)
    1 ( enf) ‹lección› to study
    se estudió el papel en una tarde he learned his part in an afternoon
    2 ( recípr)
    (observarse): los dos niños se estudiaron largo rato the two children watched each other closely for a long time
    * * *

     

    estudiar ( conjugate estudiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) asignatura to study;

    ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml);
    ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?


    c)lección/tablas to learn

    2 ( observar) ‹rostro/comportamiento to study
    3 (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto to study;
    propuesta to study, consider;
    causas to look into, investigate
    verbo intransitivo
    to study;

    debes estudiar más you must work harder;
    dejó de estudiar a los 15 años she left school at 15;
    estudiar para algo to study to be sth
    estudiarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ‹ lección to study;

    papel to learn
    estudiar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to study: estudia para abogado, she's studying to become a lawyer ➣ Ver nota en study
    ' estudiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    base
    - chapar
    - concentrarse
    - cursar
    - empollar
    - investigar
    - machacar
    - mamarrachada
    - repasar
    - servir
    - trabajar
    - valer
    - chancar
    - duro
    - empeño
    - empezar
    - firme
    - fuerza
    - haber
    - hacer
    - ir
    - junto
    - más
    - matar
    - tener
    - tragar
    - ver
    English:
    award
    - bar
    - burn
    - consideration
    - do
    - hard
    - investigate
    - pore
    - read
    - read up
    - resolve
    - school
    - stop
    - study
    - text
    - think out
    - train
    - whatever
    - work
    - day
    - depth
    - examine
    - further
    - get
    - kick
    - look
    - research
    - review
    - swot
    - take
    * * *
    vt
    1. [carrera, asignatura, lección] to study;
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology;
    tengo que estudiar más inglés I've got to work at my English;
    ¿qué estudiaste en la universidad? what did you study at university?
    2. [asunto] to study;
    [oferta, propuesta] to study, to consider;
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla having considered your proposal, I've decided not to accept it;
    lo estudiaré y mañana te doy una respuesta I'll consider it and get back to you tomorrow;
    el gobierno estudia la posibilidad de subir las pensiones the government is studying the possibility of raising pensions
    3. [observar] to observe;
    estuvo estudiándonos durante un rato he stayed watching us for a while;
    desde allí podía estudiar todos los movimientos del animal from there I could observe all the animal's movements
    vi
    to study;
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying;
    no puede salir, tiene que estudiar she can't come out, she's got to study;
    hay que estudiar más, González you'll have to work harder, González;
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President;
    dejó de estudiar a los quince años he left school at fifteen;
    estudié en los jesuitas I went to a Jesuit school;
    estudia en la Universidad Centroamericana he's a student o he's studying at the University of Central America;
    estudiar para médico to be studying to be a doctor;
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you still at school?;
    Esp Hum ≈ do you come here often?
    * * *
    v/t & v/i study
    * * *
    : to study
    * * *
    estudiar vb to study [pt. & pp. studied]
    Si se estudia un idioma o un instrumento musical, se dice learn

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudiar

  • 7 means

    [miːnz]
    n
    1) средства, богатство

    Her means are limited (small, modest). — У нее ограниченные (небольшие, скромные) средства.

    She has no means for it. — На это у нее не хватит средств.

    It is beyond my means. — Это мне не по карману.

    - man of means
    - have no means of support
    - live beyond one's means
    2) средство, способ

    It is by no means easy. — Это отнюдь не просто.

    There is no means of getting to the station within an hour from here. — Отсюда нельзя добраться до вокзала за час.

    The end justifies the means. — Цель оправдывает средства.

    - safe means
    - means of transportation
    - means of communication
    - ways and means
    - by peaceful means
    - by some means or other
    - by means of smth
    - by all means
    - by no means
    - find a means to settle the conflict
    - use every possible means
    USAGE:
    (1.) Существительное means во всех своих значениях имеет только одну форму, сходную с формой множественного числа. В своем первом значении means соответствует русскому средства, также имеющему только форму множественного числа. В этом значении means согласуется с глаголом во множественном числе: her means are small у нее небольшие средства. (2.) В значении means 2. соответствует русским "средство, способ", которые в русском языке имеют обе формы числа. В этом значении means может согласовываться с глаголами, как в единственном, так и множественном числе: the quickest means of travel is by plane самое быстрое средство передвижения - самолет; every means has been tried были испробованы все пути/все средства; this is a dangerous means это опасное средство. В равной степени возможны и другие употребления: all (such) means are always unpleasant такие средства всегда неприятны; all possible means have been tried были использованы все возможные способы (средства). К подобным существительным относятся headquarters, crossroads: there is a dangerous crossroads at the bottom of the hill у подножья холма есть опасный перекресток; there are three crossroads before you turn right до того места, где вам надо повернуть направо, три перекрестка. Следует обратить внимание на различие значений сочетаний by all means и by all possible means или by all the means in our power. By all means означает конечно и часто употребляется для выражения безусловного разрешения в ответ на просьбу: Can I borrow your umbrella? - By all means. Можно мне взять ваш зонтик? - Конечно/безусловно/пожалуйста; by all means get yourself a new pair of gloves, but don't spend too much money конечно, купи себе новые перчатки, но не трать слишком много денег на это. Сочетание by all possible means соответствует фразе всеми возможными путями/средствами: we must help him by all possible means мы всеми средствами должны ему помочь. (4.) Словосочетание by no means или not by any means обозначает категорическое отрицание и в этом значении эквивалентно английскому definitely not: Is it all you've got to say? -By no means. Это все, что вы можете сказать? - Конечно же нет. Grig is by no means my favourite composer. Григ далеко не самый мой любимый композитор

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > means

  • 8 means

    plural noun
    1) usu. constr. as sing. (way, method) Möglichkeit, die; [Art und] Weise

    by this means — hierdurch; auf diese Weise

    we have no means of doing this — wir haben keine Möglichkeit, dies zu tun

    means of transport — Transportmittel, das

    2) (resources) Mittel Pl.

    live within/beyond one's means — seinen Verhältnissen entsprechend/über seine Verhältnisse leben

    3)

    Will you help me? - By all meansHilfst du mir? Selbstverständlich!

    by no [manner of] means — ganz und gar nicht; keineswegs

    by means of — durch; mit [Hilfe von]

    * * *
    I [mi:nz] noun singular or plural
    (the instrument(s), method(s) etc by which a thing is, or may be, done or made to happen: By what means can we find out?) die Mittel(pl.)
    - academic.ru/115534/by_all_means">by all means
    - by means of
    - by no means
    II [mi:nz] noun plural
    (money available or necessary for living etc: She's a person of considerable means.) die Geldmittel (pl.)
    * * *
    <pl ->
    [mi:nz]
    n
    1. (method) Weg m
    ways and \means Mittel und Wege
    to try by all [possible] \means to do sth auf jede erdenkliche Art und Weise versuchen, etw zu erreichen; (possibility) Möglichkeit f
    there is no \means of tracing the debt at all es gibt nicht die geringste Möglichkeit, die Schulden zurückzuverfolgen; (device) Mittel nt
    \means of communication Kommunikationsmittel nt
    \means of expression Ausdrucksmittel nt
    \means of payment (currency) Zahlungsmittel nt; (method) Bezahlverfahren nt
    \meanss of preservation Konservierungsmittel nt
    \means of transport Transportmittel nt
    \means of support Einkommen nt
    to use all [or every] \means at one's disposal alle verfügbaren Mittel nutzen
    2. (income)
    \means pl Geldmittel pl, Gelder pl
    a person of \means ein vermögender Mensch
    private \means Privatvermögen nt, private Mittel
    to be without \means ( form) kein Geld haben, pleite sein fam
    to have the \means to do sth die [nötigen] Mittel [o das [nötige] Geld] haben, etw zu tun
    to live beyond one's \means über seine Verhältnisse leben
    to live within one's \means im Rahmen seiner finanziellen Möglichkeiten leben
    3.
    by all \means ( form) unbedingt; (of course) selbstverständlich
    by no \means [or not by any \means] keineswegs, auf keinen Fall
    it's by no \means certain das ist keineswegs sicher
    by \means of sth durch etw akk, mit etw dat, mit Hilfe einer S. gen
    they communicate by \means of sign language sie kommunizieren durch Zeichensprache
    they made their escape by \means of a rope ladder sie entkamen mit [Hilfe] einer Strickleiter
    a \means to an end ein Mittel zum Zweck
    the end justifies the \means ( prov) der Zweck heiligt die Mittel prov
    * * *
    [miːnz]
    n
    1) sing (= method) Möglichkeit f; (= instrument) Mittel nt

    a means to an endein Mittel nt zum Zweck

    I have/there is no means of doing it — es ist mir/es ist unmöglich, das zu tun

    is there any means of doing it? —

    there must be a means of doing ites muss doch irgendwie or auf irgendeine Art zu machen sein

    he was the means of sending it —

    they used him as the means of getting the heroin across the border — sie benutzten ihn, um das Heroin über die Grenze zu bringen

    all known means have been triedman hat alles Mögliche versucht

    by means of sth — durch etw, mittels einer Sache (gen) (form)

    by means of doing sth — dadurch, dass man etw tut

    by this means — dadurch, auf diese Weise

    by some means or other — auf irgendeine Art und Weise, irgendwie

    2) sing

    by no means, not by any means — keineswegs, durchaus nicht

    3) pl (= wherewithal) Mittel pl; (= financial means) Gelder pl, Mittel pl

    private meansprivate Mittel pl

    that is within/beyond my means — das kann ich mir leisten/nicht leisten

    * * *
    plural noun
    1) usu. constr. as sing. (way, method) Möglichkeit, die; [Art und] Weise

    by this means — hierdurch; auf diese Weise

    we have no means of doing this — wir haben keine Möglichkeit, dies zu tun

    means of transport — Transportmittel, das

    2) (resources) Mittel Pl.

    live within/beyond one's means — seinen Verhältnissen entsprechend/über seine Verhältnisse leben

    3)

    by no [manner of] means — ganz und gar nicht; keineswegs

    by means of — durch; mit [Hilfe von]

    * * *
    n.
    Hilfsmittel n.
    Mittel - n.

    English-german dictionary > means

  • 9 means

    § საარსებო წყარო, საშუალება
    §
    1 საშუალება
    I have used all possible means ყველა საშუალება ვიხმარე // ყველაფერი ვიღონე
    by means of მეშვეობით, შემწეობით, საშუალებით
    by all / any means რადაც უნდა დაჯდეს
    by fair means or foul ნებისმიერი გზით, ყველა ხერხის გამოყენებით
    by some means or other რამენაირად, რაღაცნაირად
    2 ფულადი სახსრები / საშუალებანი
    don’t confound the means with the ends! საშუალებებსა და მიზნებს ერთმანეთში ნუ აურევ!
    my garden communicates with the garden next door by means of a gate ჩემი ბაღი მეზობლის ბაღს ჭიშკრით უკავშირდება
    he lives beyond his means უფრო მეტს ხარჯავს, ვიდრე ჯიბე უფლებას აძლევს
    by all available means ყველა / ყოველგვარი შესაძლო საშუალებით

    English-Georgian dictionary > means

  • 10 means

    <pl -> [mi:nz] n
    1) ( method) Weg m;
    ways and \means Mittel und Wege;
    to try by all [possible] \means to do sth auf jede erdenkliche Art und Weise versuchen, etw zu erreichen;
    ( possibility) Möglichkeit f;
    there is no \means of tracing the debt at all es gibt nicht die geringste Möglichkeit, die Schulden zurückzuverfolgen;
    ( device) Mittel nt;
    \means of communication Kommunikationsmittel nt;
    \means of expression Ausdrucksmittel nt;
    \means of transport Transportmittel nt;
    \means of support Einkommen nt;
    to use all [or every] \means at one's disposal alle verfügbaren Mittel nutzen
    2) ( income)
    \means pl Geldmittel nt pl;
    a person of \means ein vermögender Mensch;
    private \means Privatvermögen nt, private Mittel;
    to be without \means ( form) kein Geld haben, pleite sein ( fam)
    to have the \means to do sth die [nötigen] Mittel [o das [nötige] Geld] haben, etw zu tun;
    to live beyond one's \means über seine Verhältnisse leben;
    to live within one's \means im Rahmen seiner finanziellen Möglichkeiten leben
    PHRASES:
    a \means to an end ein Mittel zum Zweck;
    the end justifies the \means (justifies the \means) der Zweck heiligt die Mittel;
    by \means of sth durch etw akk, mit etw dat, mit Hilfe einer S. gen;
    they communicate by \means of sign language sie kommunizieren durch Zeichensprache;
    they made their escape by \means of a rope ladder sie entkamen mit [Hilfe] einer Strickleiter;
    by all \means ( form) unbedingt;
    ( of course) selbstverständlich;
    by no \means [or not by any \means] keineswegs, auf keinen Fall;
    it's by no \means certain das ist keineswegs sicher

    English-German students dictionary > means

  • 11 grateful

    adjective
    dankbar (to Dat.)
    * * *
    ['ɡreitful]
    (feeling thankful: I am grateful to you for your help.) dankbar
    - academic.ru/87551/gratefully">gratefully
    * * *
    grate·ful
    [ˈgreɪtfəl]
    adj dankbar
    I would be most \grateful if you could send us the forms as soon as possible ich wäre Ihnen sehr verbunden, wenn Sie uns die Formulare so schnell wie möglich zusenden könnten
    in the end we were \grateful to be alive am Ende waren wir froh, mit dem Leben davongekommen zu sein
    I'm just \grateful that I'm not still working for him ich bin bloß froh, dass ich nicht mehr für ihn arbeiten muss
    he was very \grateful to her for all her support er war ihr für ihre Unterstützung sehr dankbar
    to be \grateful for sth für etw akk dankbar sein; (be glad) über etw akk froh sein
    * * *
    ['greItfUl]
    adj
    dankbar

    I'm grateful to you for believing meich bin dir dankbar (dafür), dass du mir glaubst

    I'm grateful to you for buying or having bought the tickets —

    he was grateful to be home/that he was still alive — er war froh or dankbar, zu Hause zu sein/noch am Leben zu sein

    to express one's grateful thanks (to sb) — (jdm) seine aufrichtige Dankbarkeit aussprechen

    * * *
    grateful adj (adv gratefully)
    1. dankbar ( to sb for sth jemandem für etwas):
    a grateful letter ein Dank(es)brief;
    my most grateful thanks go to mein herzlichster Dank gilt (dat)
    2. angenehm, willkommen, wohltuend (Rast etc):
    be grateful to sb jemandem zusagen
    * * *
    adjective
    dankbar (to Dat.)
    * * *
    adj.
    dankbar adj.
    erkenntlich adj. n.
    dankbar adj.

    English-german dictionary > grateful

  • 12 grateful

    grate·ful [ʼgreɪtfəl] adj
    dankbar;
    I would be most \grateful if you could send us the forms as soon as possible ich wäre Ihnen sehr verbunden, wenn Sie uns die Formulare so schnell wie möglich zusenden könnten;
    in the end we were \grateful to be alive am Ende waren wir froh, mit dem Leben davongekommen zu sein;
    I'm just \grateful that I'm not still working for him ich bin bloß froh, dass ich nicht mehr für ihn arbeiten muss;
    he was very \grateful to her for all her support er war ihr für ihre Unterstützung sehr dankbar;
    to be \grateful for sth für etw akk dankbar sein;
    ( be glad) über etw akk froh sein

    English-German students dictionary > grateful

  • 13 como

    adv.
    1 as.
    lo he hecho como es debido I did it as o the way it should be done
    me encanta como bailas I love the way you dance
    lo hagamos como lo hagamos habrá problemas whichever way we do it there'll be problems
    2 as.
    como te decía ayer… as I was telling you yesterday…
    3 as.
    trabaja como bombero he works as a fireman
    dieron el dinero como anticipo they gave the money as an advance
    me quedan como mil pesos I've got about a thousand pesos left
    estamos como a mitad de camino we're about half-way there
    tiene un sabor como a naranja it tastes a bit like an orange
    5 like, as, such as, qua.
    6 how, in which way.
    7 some.
    Pesa como cien libras It weighs some hundred pounds.
    conj.
    1 as, since (ya que).
    como no llegabas, nos fuimos as o since you didn't arrive, we left
    2 if (si). (peninsular Spanish)
    como no me hagas caso, lo pasarás mal if you don't listen to me, there will be trouble
    3 that (que).
    después de tantas veces como te lo he explicado after all the times (that) I've explained it to you
    prep.
    1 like, as, just like, such as.
    Te di esto en condición de préstamo I gave this to you as a loan.
    2 as to.
    3 how to.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comer.
    * * *
    1 (modo) how
    2 (comparación) as, like
    2 (si) if
    como lo vuelvas a hacer... if you do it again...
    3 (porque) as, since
    \
    como quiera que (no importa cómo) however 2 (ya que) since, as, inasmuch as
    como sea whatever happens, no matter what
    como si lo viera familiar I can imagine perfectly well
    como si nada / como si tal cosa as if nothing had happened
    hacer como quien to pretend to +inf
    hacer como si to pretend to +inf
    tanto como eso no familiar not as much as that
    * * *
    1. conj.
    1) as
    2) like
    3) if
    4) since, given that
    2. prep.
    as, like
    * * *
    1. ADV
    1) [indicando semejanza] like
    2) [introduciendo ejemplo] such as

    hay peces, como truchas y salmones — there are fish, such as trout and salmon

    tiene ventajas, como son la resistencia y durabilidad — it has advantages, such as o like strength and durability

    3) [indicando modo]
    a) + indic

    hazlo como te dijo ellado it like * o the way she told you

    toca como cantashe plays like * o the same way as she sings

    no es como me lo imaginabait isn't as o like * I imagined it

    tal como, tal como lo había planeado — just as o the way I had planned it

    b) + subjun

    hazlo como puedas — do your best, do the best you can

    como seaat all costs

    4) (=en calidad de) as
    5) (=más o menos) about, around

    sentía como tristezashe felt a sort o kind of sadness

    6) [con valor causal]
    2. CONJ
    1) + indic (=ya que) as, since

    como no tenía dineroas o since I had no money

    2) + indic (=según) as

    tal (y) como están las cosas — the way things are, as things stand

    tal como están los precios de las motos... — with motorbike prices as they are at the moment...

    3) + indic (=cuando) as soon as
    4) + indic
    (=que)

    verás como les ganamos — we'll beat them, you'll see

    de tanto como, tienen las manos doloridas de tanto como aplaudieron — they clapped so much their hands hurt

    de tanto como odio a los dos, no sé a quien odio más — I hate them both so much, I don't know which I hate the most

    5) + subjun (=si) if

    como vengas tarde, no comes — if you're late you'll get nothing to eat

    como sea cierto, ¡estamos perdidos! — if it's true, we're done for!

    ¡como lo pierdas! — you'd better not lose it!, don't you lose it!

    como no, como no lo haga en seguida... — if he doesn't do it at once..., unless he does it at once...

    no salimos, como no sea para ir al cine — we only go out if it's to go to the cinema, we don't go out unless it's to go to the cinema

    6)

    como queas if

    ¡como que yo soy tonto y me creo esas mentiras! — as if I was stupid enough to believe lies like that!

    ¡como que te van a pagar! — don't tell me they're going to pay you!

    7)

    como si — as if, as though

    siguió leyendo, como si no hubiera oído nada — he kept on reading, as if o as though he hadn't heard

    sentí como si fuera a caermeI felt as if o as though I was about to fall

    como si no hubiera pasado nadaas if o as though nothing had happened

    se comporta como si me odiarahe behaves as if o as though he hated me

    como si fuera a lloveras if o as though it was going to rain

    8)

    como para, ¡es como para denunciarlos! — it's enough to make you want to report them to the police!

    9) CAm, Méx

    a como dé o diera lugar — at any cost

    así 1., 5), pronto 1., 4), querer 2., 1)
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( en calidad de) as

    el director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...

    se la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) ( por ejemplo) like
    2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

    bailó como nuncashe danced as o like she'd never danced before

    como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him

    así como — (frml) as well as

    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried

    II

    (tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)

    hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can

    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called

    2) ( puesto que) as, since

    como era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk

    3) (si) (+ subj) if

    como te pille... — if I catch you...

    cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me

    5) ( que)

    vas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see

    III
    2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)

    me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...

    * * *
    = as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.
    Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex. An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.
    Ex. Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.
    Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex. Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.
    Ex. Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.
    Ex. Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.
    Ex. Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.
    Ex. More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.
    Ex. In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.
    Ex. 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.
    Ex. The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex. Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.
    Ex. Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex. It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.
    ----
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.
    * algo así como = something like.
    * añádase cómo = expand like.
    * así como = as, as well as.
    * así como así = just like that.
    * así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....
    * así es como = this is how.
    * así es como es = that's how it is.
    * caer como moscas = drop like + flies.
    * como aclaración = in parenthesis.
    * como algo natural = as a matter of course.
    * como algo normal = as a matter of course.
    * como algo opuesto a = as against.
    * como algo residual = residually.
    * como alternativa = as an alternative.
    * como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.
    * como antes = as before.
    * como apoyo a = in support of.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como base para = as a basis for.
    * como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.
    * como cabía esperar = as expected.
    * como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.
    * como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).
    * cómo conseguir = obtainability.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como contrapartida = in return.
    * como cooperativa = collegially.
    * como corresponde = fittingly.
    * como corresponde a = as befits.
    * como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.
    * como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.
    * cómo demonios = how on earth.
    * como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como diferente a = as distinct from.
    * cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.
    * como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.
    * como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.
    * como el cuero = leathery.
    * como el desierto = desert-like.
    * como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como el fuego = like wildfire.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * como en casa = like home (away) from home.
    * como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.
    * como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.
    * como era de esperar = as expected.
    * como es debido = fittingly.
    * como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.
    * como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.
    * como es habitual = as always.
    * como es natural = not unnaturally.
    * como es normal = as always.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como fecha final = at the very latest.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como grogui = drowsily, groggily.
    * como grupo = collectively.
    * como guía = for guidance.
    * como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como la pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como las ardillas = squirrel-like.
    * como las empresas = business-like.
    * como loca = like a madwoman.
    * como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * como medida temporal = as an interim measure.
    * como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.
    * como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.
    * como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.
    * como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como muy tarde = at the latest.
    * como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.
    * como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.
    * cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....
    * como nota al margen = on a sidenote.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.
    * como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.
    * como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.
    * como parásito = parasitically.
    * como persona que = as one who.
    * como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.
    * como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.
    * como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.
    * como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.
    * como por encanto = magically.
    * como poseído = as one possessed.
    * como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.
    * como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.
    * como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.
    * como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).
    * como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.
    * como segunda alternativa = as a backup.
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * cómo + ser = what + be like.
    * como si = as though.
    * como si dijéramos = as it were.
    * como siempre = as always.
    * como si fuese = as it were.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.
    * como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * como si (se tratase de) = as if.
    * como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.
    * como sustituto de = in place of.
    * como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.
    * como término medio = on average.
    * como todo un caballero = sportingly.
    * como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.
    * como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.
    * como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.
    * como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.
    * como una cebolla = onion-like.
    * como una condenada = like a madwoman.
    * como una descosida = like a madwoman.
    * como una forma de = as a means of.
    * como una metralladora = quick-fire.
    * como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un bobo = stupidly.
    * como un bólido = like the clappers.
    * como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.
    * como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.
    * como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.
    * como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.
    * como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un estúpido = stupidly.
    * como un experto = expertly.
    * como un glaciar = glacially.
    * como unidad global = as a whole.
    * como un idiota = stupidly.
    * como un loca = like a madwoman.
    * como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.
    * como un método para = as a means of.
    * como un modo de = as a way of.
    * como un necio = stupidly.
    * como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.
    * cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.
    * como un platillo = saucer-like.
    * como un poseído = as one possessed.
    * como un rayo = in a flash.
    * como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.
    * como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.
    * como un televisor = television-type.
    * como un todo = as a whole.
    * como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.
    * como un torpe = foolishly.
    * como un zombi = zombielike.
    * como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.
    * como y cuando = as and when.
    * como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.
    * comportarse como se espera = be a sport.
    * con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....
    * conocerse como = be known as.
    * dar como resultado = result (in).
    * de cómo = as to how.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * el modo como = the way in which.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.
    * plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.
    * proponer como principio = posit.
    * sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.
    * seleccionar como relevante = hit.
    * ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.
    * tanto como siempre = as much as ever.
    * tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.
    * tomar como ejemplo = take.
    * un poco como = kind of like.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( en calidad de) as

    el director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...

    se la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) ( por ejemplo) like
    2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

    bailó como nuncashe danced as o like she'd never danced before

    como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him

    así como — (frml) as well as

    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried

    II

    (tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)

    hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can

    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called

    2) ( puesto que) as, since

    como era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk

    3) (si) (+ subj) if

    como te pille... — if I catch you...

    cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me

    5) ( que)

    vas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see

    III
    2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)

    me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...

    * * *
    = as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.

    Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.

    Ex: An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.
    Ex: Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.
    Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex: Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.
    Ex: Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.
    Ex: Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.
    Ex: Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.
    Ex: More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.
    Ex: In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.
    Ex: 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.
    Ex: The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex: Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.
    Ex: Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex: It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.
    * algo así como = something like.
    * añádase cómo = expand like.
    * así como = as, as well as.
    * así como así = just like that.
    * así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....
    * así es como = this is how.
    * así es como es = that's how it is.
    * caer como moscas = drop like + flies.
    * como aclaración = in parenthesis.
    * como algo natural = as a matter of course.
    * como algo normal = as a matter of course.
    * como algo opuesto a = as against.
    * como algo residual = residually.
    * como alternativa = as an alternative.
    * como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.
    * como antes = as before.
    * como apoyo a = in support of.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como base para = as a basis for.
    * como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.
    * como cabía esperar = as expected.
    * como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.
    * como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).
    * cómo conseguir = obtainability.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como contrapartida = in return.
    * como cooperativa = collegially.
    * como corresponde = fittingly.
    * como corresponde a = as befits.
    * como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.
    * como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.
    * cómo demonios = how on earth.
    * como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como diferente a = as distinct from.
    * cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.
    * como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.
    * como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.
    * como el cuero = leathery.
    * como el desierto = desert-like.
    * como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como el fuego = like wildfire.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * como en casa = like home (away) from home.
    * como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.
    * como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.
    * como era de esperar = as expected.
    * como es debido = fittingly.
    * como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.
    * como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.
    * como es habitual = as always.
    * como es natural = not unnaturally.
    * como es normal = as always.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como fecha final = at the very latest.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como grogui = drowsily, groggily.
    * como grupo = collectively.
    * como guía = for guidance.
    * como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como la pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como las ardillas = squirrel-like.
    * como las empresas = business-like.
    * como loca = like a madwoman.
    * como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * como medida temporal = as an interim measure.
    * como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.
    * como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.
    * como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.
    * como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como muy tarde = at the latest.
    * como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.
    * como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.
    * cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....
    * como nota al margen = on a sidenote.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.
    * como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.
    * como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.
    * como parásito = parasitically.
    * como persona que = as one who.
    * como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.
    * como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.
    * como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.
    * como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.
    * como por encanto = magically.
    * como poseído = as one possessed.
    * como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.
    * como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.
    * como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.
    * como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).
    * como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.
    * como segunda alternativa = as a backup.
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * cómo + ser = what + be like.
    * como si = as though.
    * como si dijéramos = as it were.
    * como siempre = as always.
    * como si fuese = as it were.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.
    * como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * como si (se tratase de) = as if.
    * como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.
    * como sustituto de = in place of.
    * como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.
    * como término medio = on average.
    * como todo un caballero = sportingly.
    * como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.
    * como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.
    * como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.
    * como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.
    * como una cebolla = onion-like.
    * como una condenada = like a madwoman.
    * como una descosida = like a madwoman.
    * como una forma de = as a means of.
    * como una metralladora = quick-fire.
    * como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un bobo = stupidly.
    * como un bólido = like the clappers.
    * como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.
    * como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.
    * como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.
    * como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.
    * como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un estúpido = stupidly.
    * como un experto = expertly.
    * como un glaciar = glacially.
    * como unidad global = as a whole.
    * como un idiota = stupidly.
    * como un loca = like a madwoman.
    * como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.
    * como un método para = as a means of.
    * como un modo de = as a way of.
    * como un necio = stupidly.
    * como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.
    * cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.
    * como un platillo = saucer-like.
    * como un poseído = as one possessed.
    * como un rayo = in a flash.
    * como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.
    * como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.
    * como un televisor = television-type.
    * como un todo = as a whole.
    * como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.
    * como un torpe = foolishly.
    * como un zombi = zombielike.
    * como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.
    * como y cuando = as and when.
    * como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.
    * comportarse como se espera = be a sport.
    * con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....
    * conocerse como = be known as.
    * dar como resultado = result (in).
    * de cómo = as to how.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * el modo como = the way in which.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.
    * para colmo = on top of everything else.
    * plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.
    * proponer como principio = posit.
    * sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.
    * seleccionar como relevante = hit.
    * ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.
    * tanto como siempre = as much as ever.
    * tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.
    * tomar como ejemplo = take.
    * un poco como = kind of like.

    * * *
    A
    usando el paraguas como bastón using his umbrella as a walking stick
    quiero hablarte como amigo y no como abogado I want to speak to you as a friend and not as a lawyer
    el director tendrá como funciones … the director's duties will be …
    está considerado como lo mejor he's considered (to be) the best
    lo presentó como su ex-marido she introduced him as her ex-husband
    la flor conocida allí como `Santa Rita' the flower known there as `Santa Rita'
    en algunas capitales como Londres in some capital cities such as London o like London
    necesitamos a alguien como tú we need someone like you
    tengo ganas de comer algo dulce — ¿como qué? I fancy something sweet — like what?
    B (en comparaciones, contrastes) like
    quiero un vestido como el tuyo I want a dress like yours
    pienso como tú I agree with you
    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz
    se portó como un caballero he behaved like a gentleman
    la quiero como a una hija I love her like a daughter o as if she were my own daughter
    bailó como nunca she danced as o like she'd never danced before
    me trata como a un imbécil he treats me like an idiot o as if I were an idiot
    se llama algo así como Genaro o Gerardo he's called something like Genaro or Gerardo
    ¡no hay nada como un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!
    era verde, un verde como el de la alfombra de la oficina it was green, the color of the office carpet
    como PARA + INF:
    es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry, it makes you want to cry
    C ( en locs):
    así como ( frml); as well as
    por esto, así como por muchas otras razones because of this, and for many other reasons as well o as well as for many other reasons
    sus abundantes recursos naturales, así como su importancia estratégica its abundant natural resources, together with o as well as its strategic importance
    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!
    como mucho at (the) most, at the outside
    como poco at least
    como nadie: hace la paella como nadie she makes wonderful paella, nobody makes paella like her
    como que …: conduce muy biencomo que es piloto de carreras he drives very well — well, he is a racing driver, after all
    le voy a decir cuatro cosas — sí, sí, como que te vas a atrever … I'm going to give him a piece of my mind — oh, yes? I'll believe that when I see it
    y no me lo dijiste — ¡como que no sabía nada! and you didn't tell me about it — that's because I didn't know anything about it myself!
    como ser (CS); such as, for example, like
    como si (+ subj) as if, as though
    actuó como si no le importara she acted as if o as though she didn't care
    ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all worried o he behaves as if it's nothing (to worry about)
    él como si nada or como si tal cosa, ni se inmutó he just stood there without batting an eyelid
    no me gustó el modo or la manera como lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it
    llegó temprano, tal como había prometido he arrived early, just as he had promised
    ganó Raúl, como era de esperar Raúl won, as was to be expected
    así en la tierra como en el cielo on Earth as it is in Heaven
    como dice el refrán as the saying goes
    (tal y) como están las cosas as things stand, the way things are
    (+ subj): hazlo como quieras do it any way you like o how you like
    no voycomo quieras I'm not going — please yourself o as you like
    me dijo que me las arreglara como pudiera he told me to sort things as best I could
    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame bougainvillea or whatever it's called
    como quiera que sea, ellos se llevaron la copa anyway, the point is they won the cup
    B (puesto que) as, since
    como todavía era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta since o as it was still early, we went for a walk, it was still early so we went for a walk
    C (+ subj) (si) if
    como te vuelva a encontrar por aquí if I catch you around here again
    D
    (en oraciones concesivas): cansado como estaba, se ofreció a ayudarme tired though o tired as he was, he offered to help me
    joven como es, tiene más sentido común que tú he may be young but he has more common sense than you
    E
    (que): vimos como se los llevaban en una furgoneta we saw them being taken away in a van, we saw how they were taken away in a van
    vas a ver como llega tarde he'll be late, you'll see
    como a la mitad del camino about half way there
    está como a cincuenta kilómetros it's about fifty kilometers away
    vino como a las seis she came at around o about six
    tiene un sabor como a almendras it has a kind of almondy taste, it tastes something like o a bit like almonds
    un ruido como de un motor a noise like that of an engine
    B (uso expletivo) kind of ( colloq)
    es que me da como vergüenza … I find it kind of embarrassing …
    * * *

     

    Del verbo comer: ( conjugate comer)

    como es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    algo como    
    comer    
    como    
    cómo
    comer ( conjugate comer) verbo intransitivo


    este niño no me come nada (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq);
    dar(le) de cómo a algn (en la boca) to spoonfeed sb;
    darle de cómo al gato/al niño to feed the cat/the kid;
    salir a cómo (fuera) to go out for a meal, to eat out;
    ¿qué hay de cómo? ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?;

    ( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?
    b) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almorzar) to have lunch;


    c) (esp AmL) ( cenar) to have dinner

    verbo transitivo
    a)fruta/verdura/carne to eat;

    ¿puedo cómo otro? can I have another one?;

    no tienen qué cómo they don't have anything to eat
    b) (fam) ( hacer desaparecer) See Also→ comerse 3

    c) (en ajedrez, damas) to take

    comerse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) ( al escribir) ‹acento/palabra to leave off;

    línea/párrafo to miss out

    palabra to swallow
    2 ( enf) ‹ comida to eat;

    cómose las uñas to bite one's nails
    3 (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
    a) [acido/óxido] to eat away (at);

    [polilla/ratón] to eat away (at)
    b) [inflación/alquiler] ‹sueldo/ahorros to eat away at

    como preposición
    a) ( en calidad de) as;



    se la conoce cómo `flor de luz' it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like;


    ¡no hay nada cómo un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!;
    es cómo para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry
    d) ( en locs)

    así como (frml) as well as;

    como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least;
    como ser (CS) such as, for example;
    como si (+ subj) as if, as though
    ■ conjunción


    cómo era de esperar as was to be expected;
    no me gustó cómo lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it;
    (tal y) cómo están las cosas as things stand;
    hazlo cómo quieras/cómo mejor puedas do it any way you like/as best as you can;
    no voycómo quieras I'm not goingplease yourself
    b) ( puesto que) as, since;

    cómo era temprano, fui a dar una vuelta as it was early, I went for a walk

    c) (si) (+ subj) if;

    cómo te pille … if I catch you …

    ■ adverbio ( expresando aproximación) about;

    un sabor cómo a almendras a kind of almondy taste
    cómo adverbio

    ¿cómo estás? how are you?;

    ¿cómo es tu novia? what's your girlfriend like?;
    ¿cómo es de grande? how big is it?;
    ¿cómo te llamas? what's your name?
    b) ( por qué) why, how come (colloq);

    ¿cómo no me lo dijiste antes? why didn't you tell me before?

    c) ( al solicitar que se repita algo) sorry?, pardon?;

    ¿cómo dijo? sorry, what did you say?


    ¡cómo llueve! it's really raining!;

    ¡cómo comes! the amount you eat!;
    ¡cómo! ¿no te lo han dicho? what! haven't they told you?
    e) ( en locs)

    ¿a cómo …?: ¿a cómo están los tomates? (fam) how much are the tomatoes?;

    ¿a cómo estamos hoy? (AmL) what's the date today?;
    ¡cómo no! of course!;
    ¿cómo que …?: ¿cómo que no fuiste tú? what do you mean it wasn't you?;
    aquí no está — ¿cómo que no? it isn't herewhat do you mean it isn't there?
    comer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to eat
    2 (en el parchís, etc) to take
    3 (estrechar) ese corte de pelo te come la cara, that haircut makes your face look thinner
    ese mueble te come mucho salón, that piece of furniture makes your living room look smaller
    II verbo intransitivo to eat: hay que darle de comer al perro, we have to feed the dog
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar comer como una lima, to eat like a horse
    familiar comer el coco/tarro a alguien, to brainwash somebody
    sin comerlo ni beberlo, le pusieron una sanción, although he has nothing to do with it, he was disciplined
    como
    I adverbio
    1 (manera) how: hazlo como quieras, do it however you like
    me gusta como habla, I like the way he speaks
    2 (semejanza, equivalencia) as: es como tú, he's just like you
    terco como una mula, as stubborn as a mule
    3 (conformidad) as: como estaba diciendo..., as I was saying...
    como indica el prospecto, as the instructions say
    4 (aproximadamente) about
    como a la mitad de camino, more or less halfway
    como unos treinta, about thirty
    II conj
    1 como [+ subj], (si) if: como no comas, no vas al cine, if you don't eat, you won't go to the cinema
    2 (porque) as, since
    como llamó tan tarde, ya no me encontró, as he phoned so late, he didn't find me in
    3 como si, as if
    como si nada o tal cosa, as if nothing had happened
    familiar como si lo viera, I can just imagine it
    III prep (en calidad de) as: lo aconsejé como amigo, I advised him as a friend
    visitó el museo como experto, she visited the museum as an expert
    ¿As, like o how?
    As
    se usa para hablar de la función, uso, papel o trabajo de una persona o cosa (trabajó como camarera durante las vacaciones, she worked as a waitress during the holidays) o para comparar dos acciones o situaciones y expresar su similitud. En este caso es necesario disponer de un verbo: Entró de botones, como lo había hecho su padre veinte años antes. He entered as an office-boy, as his father had twenty years before.
    Cuando como va seguido de un sustantivo o pronombre también puedes usar like para comparar dos acciones o situaciones: Es como su padre. He's just like his father. Sin embargo, si va seguido de una preposición, hay que usar as: En marzo, como en abril, llovió. In March, as in April, it rained.
    Nunca debes usar how en comparaciones, porque sólo expresa la manera de hacer las cosas: ¿Cómo lo hiciste?, How did you do it?
    cómo adverbio
    1 (interrogativo) how: ¿cómo es de alto?, how high is it?
    ¿cómo estás?, how are you?
    ¿cómo se hace?, how is it made?
    2 (cuánto) ¿a cómo están los plátanos?, how much are the bananas?
    3 (por qué) ¿cómo es que no nos avisaste?, why didn't you warn us?
    familiar ¿cómo es eso?, how come?
    4 (cuando no se ha oído bien) ¿cómo?, what?
    5 (exclamativo) how
    ¡cómo ha cambiado!, how she's changed!
    ♦ Locuciones: cómo no, of course
    ' cómo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aburrirse
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - acondicionar
    - acreditar
    - actuar
    - adiós
    - alma
    - alquilar
    - alta
    - alto
    - amable
    - andar
    - apear
    - apenas
    - aprendizaje
    - arreglarse
    - arte
    - así
    - atizar
    - atonía
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bala
    - balsa
    - bañera
    - bastante
    - beber
    - bestia
    - borrega
    - borrego
    - botija
    - buenamente
    - cabra
    - cada
    - caracterización
    - casa
    - cencerro
    - cerrarse
    - cesar
    - chinche
    - cielo
    - coco
    - coletilla
    - colorada
    - colorado
    - comer
    - como
    - como quiera
    - comoquiera
    English:
    ablaze
    - above
    - abroad
    - acclaim
    - accordingly
    - act
    - address
    - alternatively
    - always
    - arouse
    - as
    - ashen
    - attractive
    - awaken
    - away
    - back
    - barrage
    - bash out
    - be
    - beaver away
    - best
    - bicker
    - big
    - black
    - blind
    - bolt
    - bombshell
    - bone
    - border
    - bored
    - both
    - break
    - breed
    - brownout
    - by-product
    - cake
    - calculate
    - care
    - chalk
    - champagne
    - change
    - charm
    - cheer
    - churn out
    - class
    - climax
    - clown around
    - coin
    - colour
    - come about
    * * *
    Como nm
    el lago Como Lake Como
    * * *
    I adv
    1 as;
    como amigo as a friend
    :
    había como cincuenta there were about fifty;
    hace como una hora about an hour ago
    3
    :
    así como as well as
    II conj
    1 if;
    como si as if;
    como si fuera tonto as if he were o was an idiot;
    como no bebas vas a enfermar if you don’t drink you’ll get sick
    2 expresando causa as, since;
    como no llegó, me fui solo as o since she didn’t arrive, I went by myself
    3
    :
    me gusta como habla I like the way he talks;
    como quiera any way you want
    * * *
    cómo adv
    : how
    ¿cómo estás?: how are you?
    ¿a cómo están las manzanas?: how much are the apples?
    ¿cómo?: excuse me?, what was that?
    ¿se puede? ¡cómo no!: may I? please do!
    como adv
    1) : around, about
    cuesta como 500 pesos: it costs around 500 pesos
    2) : kind of, like
    tengo como mareos: I'm kind of dizzy
    como conj
    1) : how, as
    hazlo como dijiste que lo harías: do it the way you said you would
    2) : since, given that
    como estaba lloviendo, no salí: since it was raining, I didn't go out
    3) : if
    como lo vuelva a hacer lo arrestarán: if he does that again he'll be arrested
    4)
    como quiera : in any way
    como prep
    1) : like, as
    ligero como una pluma: light as a feather
    2)
    así como : as well as
    * * *
    como1 adv
    1. (manera) how
    2. (comparaciones) as / like
    3. (según) as
    4. (ejemplo) like
    algunas aves, como el pingüino, no vuelan some birds, like penguins, can't fly
    como sea at all costs / no matter what
    como si as if / as though
    como2 conj
    1. (causa) as
    como hacía sol, nos fuimos a la playa as it was sunny, we went to the beach
    como llegues tarde, te quedarás sin pastel if you're late, you won't get any cake

    Spanish-English dictionary > como

  • 14 menor

    adj.
    1 smaller.
    2 younger, junior.
    3 minor, lesser.
    f. & m.
    m.
    1 minor, young man, youngster.
    2 minor, young girl.
    * * *
    1 (comparativo - en tamaño) smaller; (- en calidad, importancia) lesser; (- en edad) younger
    2 (superlativo - en tamaño) smallest; (- en calidad, importancia) least; (- en edad) youngest
    3 (inferior) minor
    4 MÚSICA minor
    1 DERECHO minor
    \
    al por menor retail
    apto,-a para menores (gen) suitable for all ages 2 (película) U-certificate, US rated G
    ser menor de edad to be under age
    tribunal de menores juvenile court
    * * *
    1. noun mf. 2. adj.
    2) smaller, smallest
    3) lesser, least
    4) younger, youngest
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [comparativo]
    a) [de tamaño] smaller

    los libros están ordenados de menor a mayor — the books are arranged by size, from small to large

    b) [de cantidad] fewer, less

    menor que algo — less than sth

    c) [de importancia, tiempo]

    en menor gradoto a lesser extent

    d) [de edad] younger

    menor que algn — younger than sb

    ser menor de edad — to be under age; (Jur) to be a minor

    e) (Mús) minor
    f) (Rel) [orden] minor
    2) [superlativo]
    a) [de tamaño] smallest
    b) [de cantidad] lowest, smallest
    c) [de importancia, tiempo] least
    idea 4)
    d) [de edad] youngest

    este es Miguel, mi hijo menor — this is Miguel, my youngest son

    2.
    SMF (=niño) child, minor frm

    apto/ no apto para menores — suitable/not suitable for (young) children

    apto para menores acompañados — (Cine) certificate PG

    menor de edad — (Jur) minor

    los menores de edad — those who are under age, minors

    tribunal 1)
    3. SM
    1) (Com)

    (al) por menor — retail antes de s

    2) Esp

    contar algo al por menor — to recount sth in detail

    * * *
    I
    1)

    en menor medida/grado — to a lesser extent o degree

    un porcentaje menora lower o smaller percentage

    X < Z — (Mat) (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X < Z; (léase: X is less than Z)

    2) ( en edad)

    ¿tienes hermanas menores? — do you have any younger sisters?

    ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? — who's the youngest of the brothers?

    3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor
    4) (Mús) minor
    5) (Com)
    II
    masculino y femenino (Der) minor
    * * *
    I
    1)

    en menor medida/grado — to a lesser extent o degree

    un porcentaje menora lower o smaller percentage

    X < Z — (Mat) (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X < Z; (léase: X is less than Z)

    2) ( en edad)

    ¿tienes hermanas menores? — do you have any younger sisters?

    ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? — who's the youngest of the brothers?

    3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor
    4) (Mús) minor
    5) (Com)
    II
    masculino y femenino (Der) minor
    * * *
    el menor
    = least, the

    Ex: Of these three connectors, 'and' focusses your search with the least precision since it retrieves all records that contain both words anywhere in the record.

    menor1
    1 = infant, juvenile, juvenile, minor.

    Ex: The article 'Sitting pretty: infants, toddlers, & lapsits' outlines the procedures followed at San Francisco public library to help parents introduce their babies to appropriate literature.

    Ex: The construction of the hypothesis, however, should be limited to such considerations as whether the subject heading list is designed to serve the adult or the juvenile user.
    Ex: The library provides services to 2,903 adults and juveniles who have been sentenced or remanded to the care of the Department.
    Ex: This new Act requires US libraries to block obscenity, child pornography and all material deemed harmful to minors on all computers used by minors.
    * abandono de menores = child neglect.
    * abuso de menores = child abuse.
    * apto para mayores de 13 años o menores acompañados = PG-13.
    * centro de menores = young offender institution.
    * centro tutelar de menores = juvenile detention centre.
    * consumo de bebidas alcohólicas por menores de edad = underage drinking.
    * departamento de corrección de menores = department of corrections.
    * embarazo de menores = teenage pregnancy.
    * escuela de niños menores = infant school.
    * explotación de menores = child labour.
    * grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.
    * juzgado de asuntos menores = magistrates' court.
    * manutención del menor = child maintenance.
    * manutención de menores = child support.
    * menor de edad = underage.
    * menores de cinco años, los = under-fives, the.
    * no apto para menores = X-rated.
    * pensión de menores = child support.
    * protección de menores = child protection, child welfare.
    * sexo de menores = underage sex.
    * trabajo de menores = child labour.
    * tribunal de menores = juvenile court, minors' court.

    menor2
    2 = minor, reduced, slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], low-key [low key], lesser, lower-key, diminished, low-keyed.

    Ex: A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.

    Ex: The model shows that market concentration rises with inelastic demand, reduced marginal costs and efficient technology.
    Ex: The ISBD(CP)'s recommendations are very similar in principle to those for AACR2's 'in' analytics, except for slight changes in punctuation and order.
    Ex: Activity is still low key, but will increase when the British Library puts up data bases on its own computer in 1977.
    Ex: The catalog's deterioration is leading us down the road to lesser quality library service.
    Ex: After all, print technology can be represented by pencial, pen, type, laser output, and so forth, but the effect is lower-key.
    Ex: This volume comes at a time when increasingly frequent criticisms have been leveled at superpower nations for their diminished interest in problems in Africa.
    Ex: Overall, he provides a low-keyed, lucid account that, with its many-leveled approach, does more than justice to the complex themes it studies.
    * a menor escala = at a reduced rate.
    * cada vez menor = decreasing, dwindling, diminishing, declining, falling, shrinking, receding, sinking, ebbing, descending.
    * con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.
    * delito de menor grado = misdemeanour [misdimeanor, -USA].
    * delito menor = petty offense, petty crime, minor offence.
    * demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.
    * de mayor o menor importancia = great and small.
    * de menor impacto = low impact [low-impact].
    * de menor importancia = fringe subject, of fringe interest.
    * de menor importancia para = on the fringe of.
    * desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * de venta al por menor = retail.
    * diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * en mayor o menor grado = to a greater or lesser degree.
    * en mayor o menor medida = to a greater or lesser extent.
    * en menor cantidad = less copiously.
    * en menor grado = to a lesser extent, to a lesser degree.
    * en paños menores = in + Posesivo + underclothes.
    * la menor duda de que = no doubt whatsoever.
    * menor de + Número = fewer than + Número.
    * menor, el = least, the.
    * no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.
    * paños menores = undies.
    * presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.
    * ser el que con menor frecuencia = be (the) least likely to.
    * ser menor = be less.
    * símbolo de menor-que (<) = left angled bracket (<), less-than sign (<).
    * sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.
    * sin la menor idea = clueless.
    * sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.
    * vender al por menor = retail.
    * venta al por menor = retailing, retail trade.
    * ventas al por menor = retail sales.

    * * *
    A
    un período de menor interés histórico que el anterior a period of less historical interest than the previous one
    nuestro poder adquisitivo es cada vez menor our purchasing power decreases every day
    en menor medida to a lesser extent o degree
    en mayor o menor grado to a greater or lesser extent o degree
    alimentos de menor contenido calórico food which is lower in calories
    menor QUE algo:
    un ingreso tres veces menor que el mío an income three times lower than mine
    un porcentaje de indecisos menor que el del último sondeo a lower o smaller percentage of don't knows than in the last poll
    ( Mat): X Z (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X Z (léase: X is less than Z)
    esto sucede con menor frecuencia que antes this happens less often o less frequently than before
    haciendo el menor ruido posible making as little noise as possible
    eligió el de menor tamaño she chose the smallest one
    ¿cuál es la menor de las islas Baleares? which is the smallest of the Balearic islands?
    1
    (comparativo): ¿tienes hermanas menores? do you have any younger sisters?
    menor QUE algn younger THAN sb
    es un año menor que yo she's a year younger than me
    2
    (superlativo): ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?
    mi hijo menor my youngest son
    el menor de los dos niños the younger of the two boys
    C (secundario) ‹escritor/obra› minor
    sufrió lesiones de menor importancia she received minor injuries
    D ( Mús) minor
    E ( Com):
    [ S ] venta (al) por menor retail sales
    los distribuidores (al) por menor retail shops o outlets
    ( Der) minor
    [ S ] película no apta para menores movie not suitable for under-18s, certificate 18
    Compuesto:
    ser menor de edad to be a minor, be underage
    * * *

     

    menor adjetivo
    1

    pequeño) ‹número/porcentaje lower, smaller;

    en menor medida/grado to a lesser extent o degree;
    menor que algo lower than sth;
    un ingreso menor que el mío an income lower than mine

    pequeño): el país con el menor número de parados the country with the lowest unemployment figures;

    haciendo el menor ruido posible making as little noise as possible;
    el de menor tamaño the smallest one
    2 ( en edad)

    menor que algn younger than sb

    ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?;

    el menor de los dos niños the younger of the two boys
    3 ( secundario) ‹escritor/obra minor;

    4 (Mús) minor
    5 (Com):

    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino: tb
    menor de edad minor; ser menor de edad to be a minor, to be under age;

    película no apta para menores film not suitable for under-18s
    menor
    I adjetivo
    1 (comparativo de tamaño) smaller: una habitación menor que la mía, a room smaller than mine
    (superlativo) smallest
    el tamaño menor, the smallest size
    2 (comparativo de grado) less: su alegría es menor que la mía, his happiness is less than mine
    (superlativo) least, slightest: no tiene la menor idea, he hasn't the slightest idea
    3 (comparativo de edad) younger: es menor de sesenta años, she is under sixty
    es menor que mi prima, he's younger than my cousin
    (superlativo) youngest
    la menor de nosotras, the youngest of us
    4 Mús minor
    5 Com al por menor, retail
    II mf Jur minor

    ' menor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abusar
    - Asia
    - caza
    - edad
    - efecto
    - menos
    - mínima
    - mínimo
    - osa
    - re
    - relevancia
    - sol
    - sombra
    - trascendencia
    - vender
    - venta
    - cazar
    - compás
    - de
    - duda
    - enfadado
    - enfadar
    - enojado
    - enojar
    - intención
    - movimiento
    - noción
    English:
    age
    - Asia Minor
    - barge in
    - clue
    - deaf
    - doubt
    - extent
    - fact
    - foggy
    - guardian
    - junior
    - juvenile
    - least
    - lesser
    - may
    - minor
    - misdemeanor
    - misdemeanour
    - retail
    - retail sale
    - retailing
    - show
    - under
    - young
    - magistrate
    - marginal
    - offender
    - out
    - rough
    - slight
    * * *
    adj
    1. [comparativo] [en tamaño] smaller ( que than); [en edad] younger ( que than); [en importancia] less, lesser ( que than); [en número] lower ( que than);
    este apartamento es menor que el otro this Br flat o US apartment is smaller than the other one;
    mi hermana menor my younger sister;
    es ocho años menor que yo he's eight years younger than me;
    reciben menor formación que nosotros they receive less training than us;
    en menor grado to a lesser extent;
    un menor número de víctimas a lower o smaller number of victims;
    una menor tasa de inflación a lower rate of inflation;
    apartamentos menores de 100 metros cuadrados Br flats o US apartments of less than o under 100 square metres;
    ayudas para empresarios menores de veinticinco años grants for businessmen (of) under twenty-five;
    sólo la menor parte de los encuestados estaba en contra only a minority of those interviewed were opposed;
    Mat
    menor que less than
    2. [superlativo]
    el/la menor… [en tamaño] the smallest…;
    [en edad] the youngest…; [en importancia] the slightest…; [en número] the lowest…;
    la menor de las islas the smallest island, the smallest of the islands;
    la menor de todos nosotros/de la clase the youngest of all of us/in the class;
    la menor de las dos hermanas the younger of the two sisters;
    el menor ruido le molesta the slightest noise disturbs him;
    no creo que tenga el menor interés I don't think it's at all o the slightest bit interesting;
    no te preocupes, no tiene la menor importancia don't worry, it doesn't matter at all o in the least;
    no tengo la menor idea I haven't the slightest idea
    3. [intrascendente, secundario] minor;
    un problema menor a minor problem
    4. [joven]
    aún es menor para salir solo he's still a bit young to go out on his own;
    ser menor de edad [para votar, conducir] to be under age;
    Der to be a minor
    5. Mús minor;
    en do menor in C minor
    6. Com
    al por menor retail;
    vender algo al por menor to retail sth;
    nmf
    1. [superlativo]
    el/la menor [hijo, hermano] the youngest
    2. Der [niño] minor;
    es una película no apta para menores this film has been classified as unsuitable for children;
    no apta para menores [en letrero] = unsuitable for children
    menor de edad minor
    * * *
    I adj
    1 comp less; en tamaño smaller; en edad younger;
    ser menor de edad be a minor
    2 sup
    :
    el menor en tamaño the smallest; en edad the youngest;
    el número menor the lowest number;
    no tengo la menor idea I don’t have the slightest idea
    3 MÚS tono, modo minor;
    mi menor E minor
    4 COM
    :
    al por menor retail
    II m/f minor
    * * *
    menor adj
    1) (comparative of pequeño) : smaller, lesser, younger
    2) (superlative of pequeño) : smallest, least, youngest
    3) : minor
    4)
    al por menor : retail
    5)
    ser menor de edad : to be a minor, to be underage
    menor nmf
    : minor, juvenile
    * * *
    menor1 adj
    2. (ningún) slightest
    menor2 n
    1. (más joven) youngest

    Spanish-English dictionary > menor

  • 15 tenere

    1. v/t hold
    (conservare, mantenere) keep
    ( gestire) run
    spazio take up
    tenere d'occhio keep an eye on, watch
    2. v/i hold (on)
    sports support
    * * *
    tenere v.tr.
    1 to hold* (anche fig.); ( mantenere, conservare) to keep* (anche fig.): tenere in mano qlco., to hold sthg. in one's hands; tenere in braccio un bambino, to hold a baby in one's arms; tenere le mani in tasca, to keep one's hands in one's pocket; tenere un cibo in caldo, to keep food hot; tenere la lingua a posto, to hold one's tongue; tenere la finestra aperta, to keep the window open; ho tenuto in, a casa il bambino, I have kept the child in; ci ha tenuto in piedi per due ore, he kept us standing for two hours; tenere in vita qlcu., to keep s.o. alive; tenere insieme, to hold together; due colonne tengono su il soffitto, two pillars hold up the ceiling; tenere su il morale a qlcu., to bolster s.o.'s morale; tenere su la testa, to hold one's head up; posso tenere i guanti?, may I keep my gloves on?; tiene le chiavi della macchina sulla scrivania, he keeps the car keys on his desk; tenere stretto qlco., to hold on tightly to sthg. // tientelo per te, keep it under your hat // tenere buono qlcu., to keep s.o. quiet; è un bambino così vivace che non so come tenerlo, this child is so lively that I don't know how to keep him under control // tenere qlcu. informato, al corrente di qlco., to keep s.o. informed (o to let s.o. know) about sthg.; tenere qlcu. all'oscuro di qlco., to keep s.o. in the dark about sthg.; tenere qlco. nascosto a qlcu., to keep sthg. from s.o. // tenere presente qlco., to bear sthg. in mind: tieni presente che..., bear in mind that... // tenere a mente qlco., to keep sthg. in mind // tenere in ordine, to keep in order; tenere a posto, to keep tidy; tenere da conto qlco., to treat sthg. with care // tenere il posto a qlcu., to keep a seat for s.o., ( di lavoro) to keep a job (open) for s.o. // tenere le parti di qlcu., to side with s.o. // tenere una promessa, to keep a promise // tenere il diario, to keep one's diary // (aut.): tenere la destra, la sinistra, to keep to the right, to the left; una macchina che tiene bene la strada, a car that holds the road well // (comm.): nel nostro negozio non teniamo questa merce, we don't keep these goods in our shop; tenere merci in magazzino, to stock goods; tenere la cassa, to be in charge of the cash; tenere i conti, la contabilità, to keep accounts, the books; tenere il resto, to keep the change; tenere alti, bassi i prezzi, to keep prices up, down; tenere a bada i creditori, (amer.) to stall off creditors // tenere a cresima un bambino, to act as godparent to a child
    2 ( prendere) to take*: tieni questo libro, take this book
    3 ( avere) to keep*, to have: tenere una cameriera, to keep (o to have) a maid // tengo famiglia, (dial.) I've got a family to support
    4 ( gestire) to keep*, to run*, to manage: tenere un negozio, to keep a shop; tenere un'azienda, una scuola, to run a business, a school // tenere una carica pubblica, to hold a public office
    5 ( occupare) to take* up: tennero il forte per due mesi, they held the fort for two months; questa scrivania tiene troppo posto, this desk takes up too much room
    6 ( trattenere) to keep*, to hold*: l'influenza l'ha tenuto a letto un paio di giorni, the flu kept him in bed for a couple of days; i vigili tenevano indietro la gente, the policemen were keeping (o holding) back people; tenere qlcu. per il braccio, to hold s.o. by the arm; tenere le lacrime, to restrain one's tears; tenere il fiato, to hold one's breath // tenersi la pancia dal ridere, (fam.) to hold one's sides with laughter
    7 ( contenere) to hold*, to contain: questa bottiglia tiene un litro, this bottle holds (o contains) a litre
    8 ( considerare) to consider, to regard, to hold*: tenere caro qlco., to hold sthg. dear; tenere per certo, to take (o to accept) as given; l'ho sempre tenuto per un buon ragazzo, (non com.) I have always considered him to be (o regarded him as) a good boy; tenere una notizia per vera, to take news as true // tientelo per detto, take the lesson to heart
    9 ( organizzare) to hold*; ( fare) to deliver: tenere una riunione, to hold a meeting; tenere un discorso, to deliver a speech; tenere una lezione, to give a lesson
    10 ( liquido, gas, non lasciarlo passare) to hold*: barile che tiene l'acqua, barrel that holds water (o that is watertight); questa stoffa tiene l'acqua, this material is waterproof
    v. intr.
    1 ( non perdere) to be watertight: il serbatoio non tiene bene, the tank isn't watertight; il rubinetto non tiene, the tap leaks
    2 ( resistere) to hold*: questa corda non terrà a lungo, this rope will not hold long; tieni duro, non cedere, hold on, don't give in // non c'è scusa che tenga, (fam.) there is no excuse for it // tenere dietro a qlcu., ( seguirlo) to follow s.o.
    3 ( dare importanza) to care; ( desiderare) to like: tenere alle apparenze, to attach great importance to appearances; terrei molto a incontrarlo, I would like very much to meet him; tiene molto ai suoi titoli, he is very proud of his titles; non ci tengo, I don't care (for it)
    4 ( parteggiare) to support (s.o.): tenere per una squadra di calcio, to support a football team; tenere dalla parte dei contribuenti, to support (o to side with) taxpayers
    5 ( assomigliare) (non com.) to take* after (s.o.): tenere dal padre, dalla madre, to take after one's father, one's mother.
    tenersi v.rifl.
    1 to keep* (oneself), to hold* (oneself); to stand*: tieniti alla ringhiera, hold on to the banister; tienti fermo, hold (o keep) still; tienti fuori dalle loro discussioni, keep out of their discussions; tienti lontano da questi luoghi, keep away from these places // egli si tenne sulle sue, he was rather reserved (o stiff) // tenere in contatto con qlcu., to keep in touch with s.o. // tenere in esercizio, to keep one's hand in // tenere indietro, to stand back; tenere in piedi, to keep on one's feet; tenere a destra, to keep to the right; tenere pronto, to keep ready
    2 ( considerarsi) to hold* oneself, to consider oneself: non mi tengo responsabile di ciò, I do not hold myself responsible for it
    3 ( trattenersi) to help (doing): non posso tenermi dal pensarci, I cannot help thinking of it
    4 ( attenersi) to stick*, to follow (sthg.): tienti alle sue istruzioni, follow his instructions; tienti al testo, stick to the text; tenere ai fatti, to stick to the facts.
    * * *
    1. [te'nere]
    vb irreg vt
    1) (reggere: in mano) to hold, (in posizione) to hold, keep, (in una condizione) to keep

    tieni, usa il mio — here, use mine

    tieni, questo è per te — here, this is for you

    non mi serve, puoi tenerlo — I don't need it, you can keep it

    tenere la rotta Nautto keep o stay on course

    tenere la destra/la sinistra Auto — to keep to the right/the left

    2) (dare: conferenza, lezione) to give, (organizzare: riunione, assemblea) to hold
    3) (occupare: spazio) to take up, occupy
    4) (contenere: sogg: recipiente) to hold
    5)

    (resistere a) tenere il mare Nautto be seaworthy

    6)

    (considerare) tenere conto di qn/qc — to take sb/sth into account o consideration

    tenere in gran conto o considerazione qn — to have a high regard for sb, think highly of sb

    2. vi (aus avere)
    1) (resistere) to hold out, last, (chiusura, nodo) to hold

    tenere duro (resistere) to stand firm, hold out

    2)

    (parteggiare) tenere per qn/qc — to support sb/sth

    3)

    tenere a(reputazione, persona, vestiario) to attach great importance to

    4)

    (dare importanza) tenere a, tenerci a — to care about, attach great importance to

    tenere a fare — to want to do, be keen to do

    ci tenevo ad andare — I was keen on going, I was keen to go

    non ci tengo — I don't care about it, it's not that important to me

    3. vr (tenersi)

    tenersi a qn/qc — to hold onto sb/sth

    non si teneva più dal ridere fig — he couldn't help laughing, he couldn't keep from laughing

    2) (mantenersi) to keep, be

    tenersi vicino al/lontano dal muro — to keep close to/away from the wall

    tenersi a destra/sinistra — to keep right/left

    tenersi a — to comply with, stick to

    * * *
    [te'nere] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (stringere, reggere) to hold* [oggetto, persona, animale]

    tenere qcs. in mano — to hold sth. in one's hand

    tenere qcn. per mano — to hold sb.'s hand

    tenere qcn. per — to hold sb. by [manica, braccio]

    tenere qcs. per — to hold sth. by [manico, impugnatura]

    tienimi la scala!keep o hold the ladder steady (for me)!

    2) (mantenere) to keep* to [ traiettoria]; to keep* [ segreto]; mus. to hold* [ nota]; mus. to keep* [ritmo, tempo]

    tenere gli occhi aperti, bassi — to keep one's eyes open, lowered

    tenere qcn. occupato — to keep sb. busy

    tenere qcn. prigioniero — to hold sb. prisoner

    tenere qcs. segreto — to keep sth. secret

    3) (conservare) to keep*

    tenere bene, male i libri — to keep one's books well, badly, to keep one's books in good, bad condition

    mi hai tenuto il giornale di ieri?did you keep o save yesterday's newspaper for me?

    5) (prendere per sé) to keep*
    6) comm. (trattare, vendere) to carry [articolo, prodotto]
    7) (trattenere) to hold* back, to control, to restrain [ lacrime]

    tenere la sinistra, la destra — to keep (to the) left, right

    tenere la rottato hold o steer the route

    tenere la stradaaut. to hold the road

    9) (contenere) to hold*
    10) (occupare) [ oggetto] to take* up [spazio, posto]; mil. to hold* [territorio, ponte, città]
    11) (gestire) to keep* [bar, boutique, casa, contabilità]; (avere) to keep* [cane, gatto, diario]
    12) (effettuare) to hold* [incontro, corso, lezioni, assemblea]; to give* [discorso, conferenza]
    14) (alle proprie dipendenze) to keep* [baby-sitter, cuoco]
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)
    1) (reggere) [chiodo, corda, mensola] to hold*; [colla, cerotto] to hold*, to stick*
    2) (durare) [ tempo] to hold*; [ matrimonio] to last, to hold* together

    tenere per — to be a supporter of, to support

    tenere ato care for o about [ persona]; to be fond of [ oggetto]; to value [libertà, reputazione, indipendenza, vita]

    mia moglie vuole andarci, ma io non ci tengo — my wife wants to go but I'm not keen on it

    3.
    verbo pronominale tenersi
    1) (reggersi) [ persona] to hold* [testa, pancia, braccio]
    2) (aggrapparsi) to hold* on, to cling* on (a onto, to)

    -rsi qcs. — to keep sth.

    - rsi dal fare — to hold back from doing, to keep oneself from doing

    6) (avere luogo) [manifestazione, riunione] to be* held, to take* place
    ••
    * * *
    tenere
    /te'nere/ [93]⇒ 20
     1 (stringere, reggere) to hold* [oggetto, persona, animale]; tenere qcs. in mano to hold sth. in one's hand; tenere qcn. per mano to hold sb.'s hand; tenere qcn. per to hold sb. by [manica, braccio]; tenere qcs. per to hold sth. by [manico, impugnatura]; puoi tenermi la borsa? can you hold my bag for me? tienimi la scala! keep o hold the ladder steady (for me)!
     2 (mantenere) to keep* to [ traiettoria]; to keep* [ segreto]; mus. to hold* [ nota]; mus. to keep* [ritmo, tempo]; tenere le mani in alto to hold one's hands up (in the air); tenere gli occhi aperti, bassi to keep one's eyes open, lowered; tenere qcn. occupato to keep sb. busy; tenere qcn. prigioniero to hold sb. prisoner; tenere qcs. segreto to keep sth. secret
     3 (conservare) to keep*; tenere i cibi al fresco to keep food in a cool place; ha tenuto tutte le tue lettere he kept all of your letters; dove tieni il vino? where do you keep your wine? tenere bene, male i libri to keep one's books well, badly, to keep one's books in good, bad condition; mi hai tenuto il giornale di ieri? did you keep o save yesterday's newspaper for me?
     4 (badare a) mi tieni il gatto mentre sono via? can you take care of my cat while I'm away?
     5 (prendere per sé) to keep*; tienilo per ricordo keep it as a memento; queste osservazioni tienile per te keep these remarks to yourself; tieni! è per te here (you are)! it's for you
     6 comm. (trattare, vendere) to carry [articolo, prodotto]
     7 (trattenere) to hold* back, to control, to restrain [ lacrime]
     8 (seguire) tenere la sinistra, la destra to keep (to the) left, right; tenere la rotta to hold o steer the route; tenere la strada aut. to hold the road
     9 (contenere) to hold*; la sala tiene 300 persone the room holds 300 people; quanto tiene il serbatoio? what does the tank hold?
     10 (occupare) [ oggetto] to take* up [spazio, posto]; mil. to hold* [territorio, ponte, città]
     11 (gestire) to keep* [bar, boutique, casa, contabilità]; (avere) to keep* [cane, gatto, diario]
     12 (effettuare) to hold* [incontro, corso, lezioni, assemblea]; to give* [discorso, conferenza]
     14 (alle proprie dipendenze) to keep* [baby-sitter, cuoco]
     (aus. avere)
     1 (reggere) [chiodo, corda, mensola] to hold*; [colla, cerotto] to hold*, to stick*
     2 (durare) [ tempo] to hold*; [ matrimonio] to last, to hold* together
     3 (tifare) per che squadra tieni? what's your team? what team do you root for o support? tenere per to be a supporter of, to support
     4 (dare molta importanza) tenere a to care for o about [ persona]; to be fond of [ oggetto]; to value [libertà, reputazione, indipendenza, vita]; tengo molto a lui I care a lot about him
     5 tenerci (volere fortemente) ci tengo molto it's really important for me; se ci tenete if you like; ci tengo a mantenermi in forma I like to keep fit; ci tengo ad avervi a cena you really must come to dinner; mia moglie vuole andarci, ma io non ci tengo my wife wants to go but I'm not keen on it
    III tenersi verbo pronominale
     1 (reggersi) [ persona] to hold* [testa, pancia, braccio]; - rsi la testa tra le mani to hold one's head in one's hands; - rsi per mano to hold hands; - rsi a braccetto to be arm in arm; - rsi in piedi to stand (on one's feet)
     2 (aggrapparsi) to hold* on, to cling* on (a onto, to); tenetevi (forte) hold on (tight)
     3 (mantenersi) - rsi lontano da to keep away from; - rsi sulla destra to keep (to the) right
     4 (prendere per sé) -rsi qcs. to keep sth.; tientelo per te keep it for yourself
     5 (trattenersi) - rsi dal fare to hold back from doing, to keep oneself from doing
     6 (avere luogo) [manifestazione, riunione] to be* held, to take* place
    non c'è scusa che tenga there can be no possible excuse.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > tenere

  • 16 reducir

    v.
    1 to reduce.
    nos han reducido el sueldo our salary has been cut
    reducir algo a algo to reduce something to something
    reducir algo al absurdo to make a nonsense of something
    Ella redujo la velocidad She reduced the speed.
    2 to suppress, to subdue (someter) (país, ciudad).
    3 to convert (Mat) (convertir).
    4 to set (medicine).
    5 to shorten, to shrink.
    Ellos redujeron las tablas They shortened the boards.
    6 to cut down, to depress, to de-escalate, to deescalate.
    Ellos redujeron los gastos They cut down expenses.
    7 to conquer, to subdue, to subjugate.
    Ellos redujeron a los nativos They conquered the natives.
    8 to hydrogenate.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONDUCIR], like link=conducir conducir
    1 (gen) to reduce
    2 (disminuir) to reduce, cut, cut down on
    3 (vencer) to subdue
    4 MEDICINA to set
    5 (una salsa, etc) to reduce, boil down
    1 AUTOMÓVIL to change down, change to a lower gear
    1 (gen) to be reduced; (decrecer) to decrease
    2 (resultar) to come down (a, to)
    * * *
    verb
    1) to reduce, cut
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=disminuir)
    a) [en cantidad] [+ gastos, inflación, precio] to reduce, bring down, cut; [+ tensión, ansiedad] to reduce; [+ riesgo] to reduce, lessen

    el autobús redujo su velocidad — the bus reduced speed, the bus slowed down

    el banco redujo su beneficio un 12% — the bank saw its profits fall by 12%

    reducir algo en algo — to reduce sth by sth, cut sth by sth

    tenemos que reducir la producción en un 20% — we have to reduce o cut production by 20%

    reducir a la mínima expresiónto reduce to the bare minimum

    reducir algo al mínimoto reduce o cut sth to the minimum

    reducir algo a la mitadto cut sth by half

    b) [en tiempo] [+ jornada laboral] to reduce, shorten; [+ sentencia] to reduce

    han reducido la mili a nueve mesesthey have reduced o cut military service to nine months

    c) [en tamaño] [+ copia] to reduce; [+ discurso, artículo] to cut down, shorten
    2)

    reducir algo a algo —

    a) (=limitar) to limit sth to sth; (=simplificar) to reduce sth to sth
    b) (=convertir) [+ cantidad, medida] to convert sth into sth; [+ fracción, ecuación] to reduce sth into sth
    3) (=someter) [+ ladrón, fugitivo, loco] to overpower; [+ alborotadores] to subdue; [+ fortaleza] to subdue, reduce frm

    reducir a algn a la obedienciato bring sb to heel

    reducir a algn al silencio[por la fuerza, por miedo] to silence sb; [por vergüenza, humillación] to reduce sb to silence

    4) (Med) [+ hueso, hernia] to set, reduce frm
    5) (Quím) to reduce
    6) LAm [en el mercado negro] to get rid of *
    2.
    VI (Aut) to change down
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <gastos/costos> to cut, reduce; <velocidad/producción/consumo> to reduce

    reducir al mínimo los riesgosto minimize o to reduce the risks to a minimum

    le redujeron la penathey shortened o reduced his sentence

    reducir algo a su mínima expresión — (Mat) to reduce something to its simplest form

    b) <fotocopia/fotografía> to reduce
    2)

    reducir algo A algo: reducir los gramos a milígramos to convert the grams to milligrams; quedaron reducidos a cenizas they were reduced to ashes; mis ilusiones quedaron reducidas a la nada — my dreams came to nothing

    b) (Quím) to reduce
    c) (AmS) < objeto robado> to receive, fence (colloq)
    3) ( dominar) <enemigo/rebeldes> to subdue; < ladrón> to overpower
    4) <fractura/hernia> to set, reduce (tech)
    2.
    1) (Coc) to reduce, boil down
    2) (Auto) to shift into a lower gear
    3.
    reducirse v pron

    reducirse A algo: todo se reduce a tener tacto it all comes down to being tactful; todo se redujo a un paseo por el río — in the end it was just a walk by the river

    * * *
    = abridge, compress, contract, curtail, erode, gut, narrow, prune, reduce, shorten, stifle, lower, cut back (on), cut, cut down (on), deplete, lessen, pare down, keep down + Nombre, retrench, narrow down, whittle (away/down/at), slim down, slow down, slow up, taper, wind + Nombre + down, cut + Nombre + short, scale back, downgrade [down-grade], shave off, shrink, mark + Nombre + down.
    Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex. A library of a million volumes could be compressed into one end of a desk.
    Ex. In the face of emergencies, breadth of vision tends to contract, narrowing the range of responses.
    Ex. The imposition of fee-based services may radically curtail the breadth of resources available to library users where historically information has been offered freely.
    Ex. These arrangements should also erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex. Prices of European produced scientific, technical and medical serials continue to gut US research libraries.
    Ex. Hierarchical relationships must be indicated in order that the users may broaden or narrow the search parameters.
    Ex. More balanced schedules were achieved by pruning the 31000 subjects enumerated in the fourteenth edition to 4700.
    Ex. The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.
    Ex. If there are holds on the title, the loan period is shortened to 14 days.
    Ex. Excessive emphasis on the need to exact payment will stifle the flow of information.
    Ex. When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.
    Ex. But higher education, which expanded between 1959 and 1979 from 164,000 to 519,600 students in full-time higher education, has also been cutting back on purchases.
    Ex. 'The word's out: all departments have to cut their staffs by 10%' -- Her voice was weak and laden with woe.
    Ex. Abstracts cut down considerably on legwork in hunting for information.
    Ex. This intermediate grade would equate with the senior library assistant, a category much depleted in UK academic librarianship.
    Ex. Two possible solutions are possible: (1) to lessen the frequency of production, or (2) to reduce the amount of detail in the entries.
    Ex. He said again that we should pare it down to something much more in line with his figures.
    Ex. Activities such as gardening or cookery are dealt with in many books in ways which go far beyond the simple keeping down of weeds or just filling empty stomachs.
    Ex. In the face of overpublishing and growing scepticism, this once booming area is now retrenching and broadening its coverage = En vista del exceso de publicaciones y del creciente escepticismo, este área que una vez estuvo en auge ahora ha venido a menos.
    Ex. By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex. However, such idealism is often whittled away over time by bureaucratic problems & organizational demands.
    Ex. The abundance of book types and titles makes display and merchandising increasingly difficult; some booksellers are dealing with this by slimming down or cutting out certain categories.
    Ex. However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.
    Ex. Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.
    Ex. The tube in the two types tapers almost unnoticeably from base to tip.
    Ex. Not the least of the ironies of this venture is that going ahead with it is as full of hazard as winding it down abruptly.
    Ex. May I just cut you short, because I've discussed this problem with Peter Jacobs just this week.
    Ex. He first spotted trouble when she started being short with users and so he solved the problem by scaling back her workload.
    Ex. The opposite of the 'halo effect' -- downgrading someone you dislike but whose work is good -- is also an error.
    Ex. You can shave off as much as 50% or even more from your current rate for home insurance in Arizona.
    Ex. The 'false hit' problem still arises, but becomes less likely as the 'neighborhood' of the two words shrinks.
    Ex. They have just marked down all summer handbags to 50 percent off.
    ----
    * que reduce el estrés = stress-reducing.
    * reducir a cero = reduce to + nil.
    * reducir a la mitad = halve, cut in + half, halve, reduce by + half.
    * reducir a la nada = reduce to + nil.
    * reducir al mínimo = minimise [minimize, -USA], reduce to + a minimum, cut down to + a minimum, keep to + a (bare) minimum, cut to + the bone.
    * reducir a lo mínimo = cut to + the bone.
    * reducir a miniatura = miniaturise [miniaturize, -USA].
    * reducir costes = reduce + costs.
    * reducir de plantilla = downsize.
    * reducir de tamaño = reduce in + size.
    * reducir el esfuerzo = reduce + effort.
    * reducir el impacto = minimise + impact.
    * reducir el papeleo = slash + red tape.
    * reducir el precio = reduce + price, cut + price.
    * reducir el presupuesto = cut + monies from + budget.
    * reducir el riesgo = reduce + risk.
    * reducir el tamaño = reduce + size.
    * reducir el tiempo = cut down + time.
    * reducir el valor = reduce + value.
    * reducir gastos = cut + costs, cut + spending, make + economies, make + cuts, reduce + costs.
    * reducir gradualmente = scale down.
    * reducir la burocracia = slash + red tape.
    * reducir la posibilidad = minimise + possibility.
    * reducir la probabilidad = reduce + chances.
    * reducir las diferencias = bridge + the gap, bridge + the divide, bridge + the chasm, bridge + the gulf, close + the gap.
    * reducir las diferencias entre... y = narrow + the gap between... and.
    * reducir las distancias = reduce + distance, close + the gap.
    * reducir las posibilidades de = narrow + the vision of.
    * reducir los beneficios = cut + profit.
    * reducir los impuestos = cut + taxes.
    * reducir pérdidas = cut down + losses, cut + losses.
    * reducir progresivamente = phase out.
    * reducirse a = boil down to, come down to.
    * reducirse poco a poco = dribble off.
    * reducir una limitación = push + limits (further and further back).
    * reducir una palabra a su raíz = stem.
    * reducir un obstáculo = lower + barrier.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <gastos/costos> to cut, reduce; <velocidad/producción/consumo> to reduce

    reducir al mínimo los riesgosto minimize o to reduce the risks to a minimum

    le redujeron la penathey shortened o reduced his sentence

    reducir algo a su mínima expresión — (Mat) to reduce something to its simplest form

    b) <fotocopia/fotografía> to reduce
    2)

    reducir algo A algo: reducir los gramos a milígramos to convert the grams to milligrams; quedaron reducidos a cenizas they were reduced to ashes; mis ilusiones quedaron reducidas a la nada — my dreams came to nothing

    b) (Quím) to reduce
    c) (AmS) < objeto robado> to receive, fence (colloq)
    3) ( dominar) <enemigo/rebeldes> to subdue; < ladrón> to overpower
    4) <fractura/hernia> to set, reduce (tech)
    2.
    1) (Coc) to reduce, boil down
    2) (Auto) to shift into a lower gear
    3.
    reducirse v pron

    reducirse A algo: todo se reduce a tener tacto it all comes down to being tactful; todo se redujo a un paseo por el río — in the end it was just a walk by the river

    * * *
    = abridge, compress, contract, curtail, erode, gut, narrow, prune, reduce, shorten, stifle, lower, cut back (on), cut, cut down (on), deplete, lessen, pare down, keep down + Nombre, retrench, narrow down, whittle (away/down/at), slim down, slow down, slow up, taper, wind + Nombre + down, cut + Nombre + short, scale back, downgrade [down-grade], shave off, shrink, mark + Nombre + down.

    Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.

    Ex: A library of a million volumes could be compressed into one end of a desk.
    Ex: In the face of emergencies, breadth of vision tends to contract, narrowing the range of responses.
    Ex: The imposition of fee-based services may radically curtail the breadth of resources available to library users where historically information has been offered freely.
    Ex: These arrangements should also erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex: Prices of European produced scientific, technical and medical serials continue to gut US research libraries.
    Ex: Hierarchical relationships must be indicated in order that the users may broaden or narrow the search parameters.
    Ex: More balanced schedules were achieved by pruning the 31000 subjects enumerated in the fourteenth edition to 4700.
    Ex: The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.
    Ex: If there are holds on the title, the loan period is shortened to 14 days.
    Ex: Excessive emphasis on the need to exact payment will stifle the flow of information.
    Ex: When a forme was in place on the press stone, paper was lowered on to it by means of a tympan and frisket.
    Ex: But higher education, which expanded between 1959 and 1979 from 164,000 to 519,600 students in full-time higher education, has also been cutting back on purchases.
    Ex: 'The word's out: all departments have to cut their staffs by 10%' -- Her voice was weak and laden with woe.
    Ex: Abstracts cut down considerably on legwork in hunting for information.
    Ex: This intermediate grade would equate with the senior library assistant, a category much depleted in UK academic librarianship.
    Ex: Two possible solutions are possible: (1) to lessen the frequency of production, or (2) to reduce the amount of detail in the entries.
    Ex: He said again that we should pare it down to something much more in line with his figures.
    Ex: Activities such as gardening or cookery are dealt with in many books in ways which go far beyond the simple keeping down of weeds or just filling empty stomachs.
    Ex: In the face of overpublishing and growing scepticism, this once booming area is now retrenching and broadening its coverage = En vista del exceso de publicaciones y del creciente escepticismo, este área que una vez estuvo en auge ahora ha venido a menos.
    Ex: By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex: However, such idealism is often whittled away over time by bureaucratic problems & organizational demands.
    Ex: The abundance of book types and titles makes display and merchandising increasingly difficult; some booksellers are dealing with this by slimming down or cutting out certain categories.
    Ex: However, the flight from DC appears to have slowed down more quickly than was anticipated, and we no longer read of large numbers of libraries making the change.
    Ex: Since cataloging is the most time consuming part of digitization, it has slowed up the placement of files.
    Ex: The tube in the two types tapers almost unnoticeably from base to tip.
    Ex: Not the least of the ironies of this venture is that going ahead with it is as full of hazard as winding it down abruptly.
    Ex: May I just cut you short, because I've discussed this problem with Peter Jacobs just this week.
    Ex: He first spotted trouble when she started being short with users and so he solved the problem by scaling back her workload.
    Ex: The opposite of the 'halo effect' -- downgrading someone you dislike but whose work is good -- is also an error.
    Ex: You can shave off as much as 50% or even more from your current rate for home insurance in Arizona.
    Ex: The 'false hit' problem still arises, but becomes less likely as the 'neighborhood' of the two words shrinks.
    Ex: They have just marked down all summer handbags to 50 percent off.
    * que reduce el estrés = stress-reducing.
    * reducir a cero = reduce to + nil.
    * reducir a la mitad = halve, cut in + half, halve, reduce by + half.
    * reducir a la nada = reduce to + nil.
    * reducir al mínimo = minimise [minimize, -USA], reduce to + a minimum, cut down to + a minimum, keep to + a (bare) minimum, cut to + the bone.
    * reducir a lo mínimo = cut to + the bone.
    * reducir a miniatura = miniaturise [miniaturize, -USA].
    * reducir costes = reduce + costs.
    * reducir de plantilla = downsize.
    * reducir de tamaño = reduce in + size.
    * reducir el esfuerzo = reduce + effort.
    * reducir el impacto = minimise + impact.
    * reducir el papeleo = slash + red tape.
    * reducir el precio = reduce + price, cut + price.
    * reducir el presupuesto = cut + monies from + budget.
    * reducir el riesgo = reduce + risk.
    * reducir el tamaño = reduce + size.
    * reducir el tiempo = cut down + time.
    * reducir el valor = reduce + value.
    * reducir gastos = cut + costs, cut + spending, make + economies, make + cuts, reduce + costs.
    * reducir gradualmente = scale down.
    * reducir la burocracia = slash + red tape.
    * reducir la posibilidad = minimise + possibility.
    * reducir la probabilidad = reduce + chances.
    * reducir las diferencias = bridge + the gap, bridge + the divide, bridge + the chasm, bridge + the gulf, close + the gap.
    * reducir las diferencias entre... y = narrow + the gap between... and.
    * reducir las distancias = reduce + distance, close + the gap.
    * reducir las posibilidades de = narrow + the vision of.
    * reducir los beneficios = cut + profit.
    * reducir los impuestos = cut + taxes.
    * reducir pérdidas = cut down + losses, cut + losses.
    * reducir progresivamente = phase out.
    * reducirse a = boil down to, come down to.
    * reducirse poco a poco = dribble off.
    * reducir una limitación = push + limits (further and further back).
    * reducir una palabra a su raíz = stem.
    * reducir un obstáculo = lower + barrier.

    * * *
    reducir [I6 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹gastos/costos› to cut, cut down on, reduce; ‹velocidad› to reduce; ‹producción/consumo› to reduce
    hemos reducido el número de casos we have brought down o reduced the number of cases
    redujeron el número de plazas they cut the number of places o the number of places was reduced
    han prometido reducir los impuestos they have promised to cut o reduce taxes
    con esto se intenta reducir al mínimo el riesgo de infección this is intended to minimize o to reduce to a minimum the risk of infection
    ejercicios para reducir (la) cintura exercises to reduce your waistline
    reducir algo A algo to reduce sth TO sth
    han reducido el texto a 50 páginas they have shortened o reduced the text to fifty pages
    le han reducido la pena a dos años they have commuted o shortened o reduced his sentence to two years
    la población quedó reducida a la mitad the population was reduced to half of its former size
    reducir algo a su mínima expresión ( Mat) to reduce sth to its simplest expression o form
    el suéter quedó reducido a su mínima expresión ( hum); the sweater shrank to nothing
    reducir algo EN algo to reduce sth BY sth
    pretenden reducir el gasto en cinco millones they aim to reduce costs by five million
    2 ‹fotocopia/fotografía› to reduce
    B
    1 (transformar) reducir algo A algo:
    reducir los gramos a miligramos to convert the grams to milligrams
    reducir quebrados a un mínimo común denominador to reduce fractions to their lowest common denominator
    quedaron reducidos a cenizas they were reduced to ashes
    2 ( Quím) to reduce
    3 ( AmS) ‹objeto robado› to receive, fence ( colloq)
    C (dominar, someter) ‹enemigo/rebeldes› to subdue; ‹ladrón› to overpower
    reducir a un pueblo a la esclavitud to reduce a people to slavery
    D ‹fractura/hernia› to set, reduce ( tech)
    E (CS) ‹cadáver/restos mortales› to exhume ( for reburial in a niche or smaller coffin)
    ■ reducir
    vi
    A ( Coc) to reduce, boil down
    dejar reducir la salsa leave the sauce to boil down o reduce
    B ( Auto) to shift into a lower gear, change down ( BrE)
    reducirse A algo:
    todo se reduce a saber interpretar las cifras it all comes down to knowing how to interpret the figures
    todo se redujo a una visita a la catedral y un paseo por el río in the end it was just a visit to the cathedral and a walk along the river
    * * *

     

    reducir ( conjugate reducir) verbo transitivo
    1
    a)gastos/costos to cut, reduce;

    velocidad/producción/consumo to reduce;

    reducir algo A algo to reduce sth to sth;
    reducir algo EN algo to reduce sth by sth
    b)fotocopia/fotografía to reduce

    2


    quedaron reducidos a cenizas they were reduced to ashes
    b) (AmS) ‹ objeto robado to receive, fence (colloq)

    3 ( dominar) ‹enemigo/rebeldes to subdue;
    ladrón to overpower
    reducirse verbo pronominal:

    reducir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (disminuir) to reduce
    reducir algo en algo, to reduce sthg by sthg
    (gastos, consumo, etc) to cut (down), minimize
    2 (convertir, transformar) to reduce: el incendio redujo el bosque a cenizas, the fire reduced the wood to ashes
    3 (subyugar) to subdue
    II vi Auto to change down, US to downshift

    ' reducir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bajar
    - ceniza
    - encaminada
    - encaminado
    - moler
    - disminuir
    - minimizar
    - mínimo
    - mira
    English:
    administrative
    - austerity
    - ax
    - axe
    - change down
    - corner
    - curtail
    - cut
    - cut back
    - cut down
    - decrease
    - deficit
    - deplenish
    - deplete
    - depress
    - downsize
    - effective
    - halve
    - lighten
    - lower
    - narrow down
    - prune
    - pulp
    - rate
    - receive
    - reduce
    - retrench
    - scale down
    - shorten
    - slow
    - wind down
    - bring
    - cost
    - deaden
    - decelerate
    - diminish
    - discount
    - get
    - lessen
    - loss
    - minimize
    - over
    - pare
    - scale
    - slacken
    - traffic
    - whittle
    - wind
    * * *
    vt
    1. [disminuir] to reduce;
    [gastos, costes, impuestos, plantilla] to cut; [producción] to cut (back on);
    nos han reducido el sueldo our salary has been cut;
    reduzca la velocidad [en letrero] reduce speed now;
    reducir algo a algo to reduce sth to sth;
    el edificio quedó reducido a escombros the building was reduced to a pile of rubble;
    reducir algo al mínimo to reduce sth to a minimum;
    reducir algo a o [m5] en la mitad to reduce sth by half;
    tú todo lo reduces a tener dinero the only thing you care about is money;
    reducir a la mínima expresión to cut down to the bare minimum
    2. [fotocopia] to reduce
    3. [someter] [país, ciudad] to suppress, to subdue;
    [atracador, ladrón, sublevados] to overpower
    4. Mat [unidades de medida] to convert (a to); [fracciones, ecuaciones] to cancel out
    5. Med [hueso] to set
    6. Quím to reduce
    7. Culin [guiso, salsa] to reduce
    8. Andes, RP [objetos robados] to receive, to fence
    9. RP [cadáver] to exhume [for reburial in smaller container]
    vi
    1. [en el automóvil]
    reducir (de marcha o [m5] velocidad) to change down;
    reduce a tercera change down into third (gear)
    2. Culin [guiso, salsa] to reduce
    * * *
    v/t
    1 reduce (a to); gastos cut;
    reducir personal cut jobs, reduce staff numbers;
    reducir la marcha AUTO downshift, shift into a lower gear
    2 MIL overcome
    * * *
    reducir {61} vt
    1) disminuir: to reduce, to decrease, to cut
    2) : to subdue
    3) : to boil down
    * * *
    reducir vb to reduce

    Spanish-English dictionary > reducir

  • 17 ser

    m.
    1 being (ente).
    ser humano human being
    los seres vivos living things
    2 ens.
    v.
    1 to be (to be in some place or situation, to originate in, to belong to, to pertain, to exist really).
    fue aquí it was here
    lo importante es decidirse the important thing is to reach a decision
    ¿de dónde eres? where are you from?
    los juguetes son de mi hijo the toys are my son's
    es alto/gracioso he is tall/funny
    es azul/difícil it's blue/difficult
    es un amigo/el dueño he is a friend/the owner
    Yo soy buena I am good.
    2 to be (to be worth, quantity).
    ¿cuánto es? how much is it?
    son 300 pesos that'll be 300 pesos
    ¿qué (día) es hoy? what day is it today?, what's today?
    mañana será 15 de julio tomorrow (it) will be 15 July
    ¿qué hora es? what time is it?, what's the time?
    son las tres (de la tarde) it's three o'clock (in the afternoon), it's three (pm)
    3 to be (joined to nouns which signify employment or occupation).
    soy abogado/actriz I'm a lawyer/an actress
    son estudiantes they're students
    4 to be (to happen, to occur, to fall out).
    es muy tarde it's rather late
    era de noche/de día it was night/day
    5 to be (auxiliary verb, by which the passive is formed).
    fue visto por un testigo he was seen by a witness
    6 to exist, to live.
    7 to be for.
    Me es muy fácil aprender español It is very easy for me to learn Spanish.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son.
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    seré, serás, será, seremos, seréis, serán.
    Conditional
    sería, serías, sería, seríamos, seríais, serían.
    Present Subjunctive
    sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean.
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    (tú), sea (él/Vd.), seamos (nos.), sed (vos.), sean (ellos/Vds.).
    Past Participle
    \
    \
    ————————
    * * *
    1. verb 2. noun m.
    * * *
    SF ABR Esp
    = Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión radio network
    * * *
    I 1.
    [ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1]

    es inglés/rubio/católico — he's English/fair/(a) Catholic

    era cierto/posible — it was true/possible

    sé bueno, estáte quieto — be a good boy and keep still

    que seas muy feliz — I hope you'll be very happy; (+ me/te/le etc)

    para serte sincero — to be honest with you, to tell you the truth

    siempre le he sido fiel — I've always been faithful to her; ver tb verbo intransitivo I 5

    ¿éste es o se hace?/¿tú eres o te haces? — (AmL fam) is he/are you stupid or something? (colloq)

    el mayor es casado/divorciado — the oldest is married/divorced

    es viuda — she's a widow; ver tb estar I 3)

    3) (seguido de nombre, pronombre, sintagma nominal) to be

    soy peluquera/abogada — I'm a hairdresser/a lawyer

    ábreme, soy Mariano/yo — open the door, it's Mariano/it's me

    por ser usted, haremos una excepción — for you o since it's you, we'll make an exception

    4) (con predicado introducido por `de')

    es de los vecinos — it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors'

    ésa es de las que... — she's one of those people who..., she's the sort of person who...

    ser de lo que no hay — (fam) to be incredible (colloq)

    5) (hipótesis, futuro)

    ¿será cierto? — can it be true?

    2.
    ser vi
    1)
    a) ( existir) to be
    b) (liter) ( en cuentos)

    érase una vez... — once upon a time there was...

    2)
    a) (tener lugar, ocurrir)

    ¿dónde fue el accidente? — where did the accident happen?

    el asunto fue así... — it happened like this...

    ser de algo/alguien: ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him; ¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq); ¿qué va a ser de nosotros? — what will become of us?

    3) ( sumar)

    ¿cuánto es (todo)? — how much is that (altogether)?

    son 3.000 pesos — that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos

    4) (causar, significar) to be
    5) ( resultar)
    6) ( consistir en) to be

    lo importante es participarthe important o main thing is to take part

    7) (indicando finalidad, adecuación)

    fue aquí donde lo vi — this is where I saw him, it was here that I saw him

    fui yo quien or la que lo dije fui yo quien or la que lo dijo — I was the one who said it, it was me that said it

    9)

    es que...: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?; es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim; díselo, si es que te atreves — tell him, if you dare

    10)

    lo que es... — (fam)

    lo que es yo, no pienso hablarle más — I certainly have no intention of speaking to him again

    lo que es saber idiomas!it sure is something to be able to speak languages! (AmE), what it is to be able to speak languages! (BrE)

    a no ser que — (+ subj) unless

    como debe ser: ¿ves como me acordé? - como debe ser! see, I did remember- I should think so too!; los presentó uno por uno, como debe ser she introduced them one by one, as you should; ¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq); como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what; hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done; puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like; como ser (CS) such as; de no ser así (frml) should this not be the case (frml); de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml); de no ser por...: de no ser por él,... if it hadn't been o if it weren't for him,...; eso es! that's it!, that's right!; lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something; tú pagas tus mil pesos o lo que sea... you pay your thousand pesos or whatever...; estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes o anything; no sea que or no vaya a ser que (+ subj) in case; cierra la ventana, no sea or no vaya a ser que llueva close the window in case it rains; ten cuidado, no sea or no vaya a ser que lo eches todo a perder be careful or you'll ruin everything; o sea: los empleados de más antigüedad, o sea los que llevan aquí más de... longer serving employees, that is to say those who have been here more than...; o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested; o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out; (ya) sea..., (ya) sea... either..., or...; (ya) sea por caridad, (ya) sea por otra razón,... whether he did it out of charity or for some other reason,...; sea como sea: hay que impedirlo, sea como sea it must be prevented now matter how o at all costs; sea cuando sea whenever it is; sea quien sea le dices que no estoy whoever it is, tell them I'm not in; si no fuera/hubiera sido por... — if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for...

    12) ( en el tiempo) to be

    ¿qué fecha es hoy? — what's the date today?, what's today's date

    ¿qué día es hoy? — what day is it today?

    serían las cuatro cuando llegó — it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived; ver tb verbo impersonal

    3.
    ser v impers to be
    4.

    ser + pp — to be + pp

    II
    1)
    a) ( ente) being
    b) (individuo, persona)
    2)
    b) ( carácter esencial) essence
    3) (Fil) being
    * * *
    I 1.
    [ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1]

    es inglés/rubio/católico — he's English/fair/(a) Catholic

    era cierto/posible — it was true/possible

    sé bueno, estáte quieto — be a good boy and keep still

    que seas muy feliz — I hope you'll be very happy; (+ me/te/le etc)

    para serte sincero — to be honest with you, to tell you the truth

    siempre le he sido fiel — I've always been faithful to her; ver tb verbo intransitivo I 5

    ¿éste es o se hace?/¿tú eres o te haces? — (AmL fam) is he/are you stupid or something? (colloq)

    el mayor es casado/divorciado — the oldest is married/divorced

    es viuda — she's a widow; ver tb estar I 3)

    3) (seguido de nombre, pronombre, sintagma nominal) to be

    soy peluquera/abogada — I'm a hairdresser/a lawyer

    ábreme, soy Mariano/yo — open the door, it's Mariano/it's me

    por ser usted, haremos una excepción — for you o since it's you, we'll make an exception

    4) (con predicado introducido por `de')

    es de los vecinos — it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors'

    ésa es de las que... — she's one of those people who..., she's the sort of person who...

    ser de lo que no hay — (fam) to be incredible (colloq)

    5) (hipótesis, futuro)

    ¿será cierto? — can it be true?

    2.
    ser vi
    1)
    a) ( existir) to be
    b) (liter) ( en cuentos)

    érase una vez... — once upon a time there was...

    2)
    a) (tener lugar, ocurrir)

    ¿dónde fue el accidente? — where did the accident happen?

    el asunto fue así... — it happened like this...

    ser de algo/alguien: ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him; ¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq); ¿qué va a ser de nosotros? — what will become of us?

    3) ( sumar)

    ¿cuánto es (todo)? — how much is that (altogether)?

    son 3.000 pesos — that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos

    4) (causar, significar) to be
    5) ( resultar)
    6) ( consistir en) to be

    lo importante es participarthe important o main thing is to take part

    7) (indicando finalidad, adecuación)

    fue aquí donde lo vi — this is where I saw him, it was here that I saw him

    fui yo quien or la que lo dije fui yo quien or la que lo dijo — I was the one who said it, it was me that said it

    9)

    es que...: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?; es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim; díselo, si es que te atreves — tell him, if you dare

    10)

    lo que es... — (fam)

    lo que es yo, no pienso hablarle más — I certainly have no intention of speaking to him again

    lo que es saber idiomas!it sure is something to be able to speak languages! (AmE), what it is to be able to speak languages! (BrE)

    a no ser que — (+ subj) unless

    como debe ser: ¿ves como me acordé? - como debe ser! see, I did remember- I should think so too!; los presentó uno por uno, como debe ser she introduced them one by one, as you should; ¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq); como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what; hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done; puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like; como ser (CS) such as; de no ser así (frml) should this not be the case (frml); de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml); de no ser por...: de no ser por él,... if it hadn't been o if it weren't for him,...; eso es! that's it!, that's right!; lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something; tú pagas tus mil pesos o lo que sea... you pay your thousand pesos or whatever...; estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes o anything; no sea que or no vaya a ser que (+ subj) in case; cierra la ventana, no sea or no vaya a ser que llueva close the window in case it rains; ten cuidado, no sea or no vaya a ser que lo eches todo a perder be careful or you'll ruin everything; o sea: los empleados de más antigüedad, o sea los que llevan aquí más de... longer serving employees, that is to say those who have been here more than...; o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested; o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out; (ya) sea..., (ya) sea... either..., or...; (ya) sea por caridad, (ya) sea por otra razón,... whether he did it out of charity or for some other reason,...; sea como sea: hay que impedirlo, sea como sea it must be prevented now matter how o at all costs; sea cuando sea whenever it is; sea quien sea le dices que no estoy whoever it is, tell them I'm not in; si no fuera/hubiera sido por... — if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for...

    12) ( en el tiempo) to be

    ¿qué fecha es hoy? — what's the date today?, what's today's date

    ¿qué día es hoy? — what day is it today?

    serían las cuatro cuando llegó — it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived; ver tb verbo impersonal

    3.
    ser v impers to be
    4.

    ser + pp — to be + pp

    II
    1)
    a) ( ente) being
    b) (individuo, persona)
    2)
    b) ( carácter esencial) essence
    3) (Fil) being
    * * *
    ser1
    1 = being, creature.

    Ex: A feeling of unshielded relief filled Pope's whole being.

    Ex: Stories that lead to doing things are all the more attractive to children, who are active rather than passive creatures.
    * abducción por seres extraterrestres = alien abduction.
    * alimentación del ser humano = human nutrition.
    * llegada de seres extraterrestres = alien visitation.
    * nutrición del ser humano = human nutrition.
    * ser consecuente con Uno mismo = be true to + Reflexivo.
    * ser extraterrestre = alien creature.
    * ser fiel con Uno mismo = be true to + Reflexivo.
    * ser humano = human being, human, human person.
    * ser inteligente = intelligent being.
    * ser pensante = sentient being.
    * ser superior = supreme being, higher being, superior being.
    * ser supremo = supreme being.
    * ser todo un éxito = hit + a home run, knock it out of + the park.
    * ser vivo = living being, sentient being.
    * todo ser humano = every living soul.
    * tráfico de seres humanos = trafficking in human beings.
    * trata de seres humanos = trafficking in human beings.

    ser2
    2 = be, take + the form of, stand as.

    Ex: Systems such as Dialog, IRS, ORBIT and BLAISE may be accessed by libraries and information units.

    Ex: Hierarchical relationships may also take the form of co-ordinate relationships, in which case they may be represented by 'RT' or related term, in a similar manner to affinitive relationships below.
    Ex: Meantime, our new library stand as as a confident symbol of the importance of ALL librarires to the nation's cultural, educational and economic success.
    * anhelar ser = ache to be.
    * a no ser que = unless.
    * así es = that's how it is.
    * así sea = amen.
    * así son las cosas = that's they way things are.
    * centrado en el ser humano = anthropocentric.
    * clonación del ser humano = human cloning.
    * como es el caso de = as it is with.
    * cómo + ser = what + be like.
    * conseguir ser el centro de atención = capture + spotlight.
    * continuar siendo importante = remain + big.
    * crearse el prestigio de ser = establish + a record as.
    * cualquiera que fuere = any... whatsoever.
    * cualquiera que fuese = any... whatsoever.
    * cualquiera que sea + Nombre = whichever + Nombre.
    * debilidad del ser humano = mankind's frailty.
    * dejar de ser útil = outlive + Posesivo + usefulness.
    * demostrar ser = prove + to be.
    * de tal forma que + ser/estar = in such form as to + be.
    * dicho sea de paso = by the by(e).
    * dime con quién andas y te diré quién eres = you are known by the company you keep.
    * dinero + ser para = money + go towards.
    * el + Nombre + es inestimable = the + Nombre + cannot be overestimated.
    * el ser barato = cheapness.
    * el sueño de todo ser viviente = the stuff dreams are made of.
    * entrar sin ser visto = sneak into.
    * es = it's [it is].
    * esa es la cuestión = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * esa es la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * es decir = i.e. (latín - id est), in other words, that is, that is to say, which is to say.
    * es de deducir que = it follows that.
    * es de destacar que = significantly.
    * es de esperar = hopefully.
    * es de esperar que = all being well.
    * es de resaltar que = significantly.
    * es de suponer que = presumably.
    * ese es el asunto = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * ese es el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * es el momento adecuado = the moment is ripe, the time is ripe.
    * es el momento oportuno = the moment is ripe, the time is ripe.
    * es evidente = clearly.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * es inevitable que = inevitably.
    * es interesante que = interestingly.
    * es lo que a mí me parece = my two cents' worth.
    * es lo que yo pienso = my two cents' worth.
    * es más = more important, moreover.
    * es más fácil decirlo que hacerlo = easier said than done.
    * es mi opinión = my two cents' worth.
    * es mi parecer = my two cents' worth.
    * es por lo tanto deducible que = it therefore follows that.
    * es por lo tanto de esperar que = it therefore follows that.
    * es por lo tanto lógico que = it therefore follows that.
    * ¡esta es tu oportunidad! = here's your chance!.
    * estar siendo + Participio = be in process of + Nombre.
    * evitar ser afectado = escape + unaffected.
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * haber sido aceptado = be here to stay, have come + to stay.
    * haber sido comprobado exhaustivamente = be thoroughly tested.
    * la razón de ser = the reason for being.
    * la verdad sea dicha = to tell the truth.
    * llegar a ser = become, develop into.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * lo que es aun peor = worse still.
    * lo que es peor = what's worse.
    * lo que haya que de ser, será = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.
    * lo que + ser = what + be like.
    * lo que tenga que ser, será = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.
    * merecer ser mencionado = deserve + mention.
    * no ser aconsejable = be undesirable.
    * no ser + Adjetivo + Infinitivo = be less than + Adjetivo + Infinitivo.
    * no ser así ya = be no longer the case.
    * no ser bien visto = be in the doghouse.
    * no ser cobarde = be no chicken.
    * no ser consciente de = remain + unaware of.
    * no ser deseable = be undesirable.
    * no + ser + de sorprender que = it + be + not surprising that.
    * no ser fácil = be no picnic, not be easy.
    * no ser gran cosa = not add up to much, add up to + nothing.
    * no ser lo suficientemente bueno = not be good enough.
    * no ser más que = be nothing more than, be nothing but.
    * no ser nada = add up to + nothing.
    * no ser nada fácil = be hard-pushed to.
    * no ser ningún jovencito = be no chicken.
    * no ser ni una cosa ni otra = fall between + two stools.
    * no ser sino = be nothing but.
    * no ser una gran pérdida = be no great loss.
    * no ser un lecho de rosas = be not all roses.
    * no ser verdad = be untrue.
    * no somos todos iguales = one size doesn't fit all.
    * no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * para ser franco = in all honesty.
    * para ser sincero = to be honest, in all honesty.
    * pasar a ser = become, develop into.
    * por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.
    * por si fuera poco = to boot, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * posible de ser consultado por máquina = machine-viewable.
    * posible de ser visto en pantalla = displayable.
    * primer puesto + ser para = pride of place + go to.
    * puede muy bien ser = could well be.
    * puede muy bien ser que = it may well be that.
    * que fue = one-time.
    * que fue común antes = once-common.
    * que ha sido abordado con preguntas = accost.
    * que puede ser apilado = stacking.
    * razón de ser = point, raison d'etre, rationale, sense of purpose.
    * ser reconocido = gain + recognition.
    * resultar ser = prove + to be, turn out to be, happen + to be.
    * sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost, at any price, come hell or high water.
    * sea cual fuere = any... whatsoever, any... whatsoever.
    * sea cual fuese = any... whatsoever, any... whatsoever.
    * sea cual sea el criterio utilizado = by any standard(s).
    * sea lo que sea = whatever it is, be that as it may, call it what you want.
    * seamos realistas = face it, let's face it.
    * sean cuales sean = whatever they may be.
    * sentido del ser humano = human sense.
    * ser accesible a través de = be available through.
    * ser aceptado = take + hold, gain + acceptance, take off.
    * ser acertado = be spot on.
    * ser aconsejable = be welcome, be better served by, be in order.
    * ser acorde con = be commensurate with.
    * ser acuciante = be acute.
    * ser acusado de delito criminal = face + criminal charge.
    * ser adecuado = be right, stand up, fit + the bill.
    * ser + Adjetivo = get + Adjetivo.
    * ser + Adjetivo + para = have + a + Adjetivo + effect on.
    * ser afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * ser aficionado a = be fond of.
    * ser afortunado = be lucky, strike + lucky.
    * ser agradable de oír = be good to hear.
    * ser agradable + Verbo = be neat to + Verbo.
    * ser algo bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser algo bueno = be a good thing.
    * ser algo completamente distinto = be nothing of the sort.
    * ser algo común = be a fact of life, dominate + the scene, be a common occurrence, become + a common feature, be a part of life.
    * ser Algo demasiado difícil para = be in over + Posesivo + head, be out of + Posesivo + depth.
    * ser algo excepcional = be the exception rather than the rule, be in a league of its own.
    * ser algo fácil = be a cinch, be a doddle, be a breeze, be a picnic, be duck soup.
    * ser algo facilísimo = be a cinch, be a doddle, be a breeze, be a picnic, be duck soup.
    * ser algo habitual = become + a common feature, be a fact of life.
    * ser Algo imponente = loom + large.
    * ser algo inevitable = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * ser algo más profundo que = go + deeper than.
    * ser algo más serio que = go + deeper than.
    * ser algo (muy) bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser algo muy claro = be a dead giveaway.
    * ser algo muy fácil de conseguir = be there for the taking.
    * ser Algo muy importante = loom + large.
    * ser algo muy obvio = be a dead giveaway.
    * ser algo muy poco frecuente = be a rare occurrence.
    * ser algo muy raro = be a rare occurrence.
    * ser algo muy revelador = be a giveaway.
    * ser algo natural para = be second nature to + Pronombre, come + naturally to.
    * ser algo normal = be a fact of life, become + a common feature, be a part of life.
    * ser algo permanente = be here to stay.
    * ser algo poco común = be the exception rather than the rule.
    * ser algo poco conocido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * ser algo poco frecuente = be a rare occurrence.
    * ser algo poco sabido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * ser algo por lo que = be a matter for/of.
    * ser algo por ver = be an open question.
    * ser algo que no ocurre con frecuencia = be a rare occurrence.
    * ser algo seguro = be a cinch, be a doddle, be a breeze, be a picnic, be duck soup.
    * ser algo útil para = be something in the hand for.
    * ser amado = loved-one.
    * ser amigo de = be buddies with.
    * ser analizado como una frase = be phrase parsed.
    * ser apreciado = receive + appreciation.
    * ser apropiado = be right.
    * ser aproximadamente + Número = be around + Número, be about + Número.
    * ser arrestado = be under arrest.
    * ser asequible = be available, become + available.
    * ser asequible a = be amenable to.
    * ser así = be the case (with), be just like that.
    * ser atacado = be under attack, come under + fire, be under assault.
    * ser atractivo = look + attractive, be popular in appeal.
    * ser atrevido = make + a bold statement.
    * ser atribuible a = be attributable to.
    * ser aun más = be all the more.
    * ser autosuficiente = stand on + Posesivo + own, self-serve.
    * ser autosuficiente económicamente = pay + Posesivo + own way.
    * ser avaricioso = have + Posesivo + cake and eat it.
    * ser bienvenido = be most welcome, make + welcome, be welcome.
    * ser bonito + Verbo = be neat to + Verbo.
    * ser buenísimo + Gerundio = be terrific at + Gerundio.
    * ser bueno = make + good + Nombre.
    * ser bueno en = be good at.
    * ser bueno para Alguien = be to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * ser capaz de = be capable of.
    * ser capaz de hacer cualquier cosa por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to.
    * ser característico de = be emblematic of.
    * ser carísimo = cost + be prohibitive.
    * ser caro = be steep.
    * ser casi seguro = be a good bet.
    * ser chiquito pero matón = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * ser chulo = be cool.
    * ser clavado a = be a dead ringer for.
    * ser cliente de una tienda = patronise + shop.
    * ser coherente = cohere.
    * ser como el día y la noche = different as night and day.
    * ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.
    * ser como mínimo = be no less than.
    * ser como una esfera = wrap around.
    * ser como un círculo = wrap around.
    * ser como un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * ser complementario el uno del otro = be integral one to another.
    * ser complementarios = be integral one to another.
    * ser completamente diferente = be in a different league.
    * ser completo = be all inclusive.
    * ser común = be the case (with).
    * ser condenado a prisión = receive + prison sentence.
    * ser confuso = be deceiving.
    * ser conocido por = famously, have + a track record of.
    * ser conocido por todos = be out in the open.
    * ser consciente = sentient being.
    * ser consciente de = be alive to, be aware of, be cognisant of, be mindful of/that, become + cognisant of, be aware of, realise [realize, -USA].
    * ser consciente de + Posesivo + valía = be alive to + Posesivo + worth.
    * ser consciente + desafortunadamente = be painfully aware of.
    * ser contradictorio de = run + contrary to.
    * ser contraproducente = defeat + Posesivo + purpose, blowback.
    * ser contrario a = be contrary to, be hostile to.
    * ser conveniente + Infinitivo = be as well + Infinitivo, be well + Infinitivo.
    * ser correcto = be all right, be correct, be right.
    * ser cortés con = be civil towards.
    * ser costumbre = be customary.
    * ser creativo = be inventive.
    * ser creíble = invoke + belief.
    * ser criticado = be subjected to + criticism, be (the) subject of/to criticism, take + heat, come under + fire.
    * ser crucial (para) = be central (to).
    * ser cuestión de = come down to.
    * ser culpable = be to blame.
    * ser culpable (por/de) = be at fault (for/to).
    * ser dado a = be amenable to, be apt to, be given to.
    * ser de = be a native of.
    * ser de alto nivel = be at a high level.
    * ser de armas tomar = be a (real) handful.
    * ser de ayuda = be of assistance.
    * ser debatible = be a moot point, be open to question, be open to debate, be at issue.
    * ser de calidad = be up to snuff, be up to scratch.
    * ser decisión de + Nombre = be down to + Nombre.
    * ser de contenido + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in content.
    * ser de crecimiento rápido = be a quick grower.
    * ser de difícil acceso = tuck away.
    * ser de dominio público = be public domain.
    * ser deficiente = be wanting.
    * ser definitivo = be final.
    * ser de gran ayuda para = be a boon to.
    * ser de gran beneficio para = be of great benefit to.
    * ser de importancia primordial = be of key importance.
    * ser de importancia vital = lie at + the heart of.
    * ser de interés para = be of interest (to/for).
    * ser dejado en la obligación de Uno = be derelict in + duty.
    * ser de la izquierda = be of the left.
    * ser de la noche = night creature.
    * ser de la opinión de que = be of the opinion that, be of the view that.
    * ser del gusto de Uno = be to + Posesivo + taste.
    * ser del orden de + Número = be of the order of + Número.
    * ser de los que piensan que = subscribe to + view.
    * ser demasiado = be over-provided, be a mouthful.
    * ser demasiado + Adjetivo = be too + Adjetivo + by half.
    * ser demasiado complaciente = lean over + too far backwards.
    * ser demasiado común = be all too common.
    * ser demasiado para = be too much for, be too much for.
    * ser demasiado precavido = err + on the side of caution.
    * ser demasiado preciso = put + too fine a point on, split + hairs.
    * ser demasiado quisquilloso = put + too fine a point on, split + hairs.
    * ser demasiado tarde para echar atrás = reach + the point of no return.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser de número limitado = be limited in number.
    * ser de origen + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in origin.
    * ser de poco valor = be of little use, be of little value.
    * ser de primera categoría = be top notch.
    * ser de raza negra o de piel morena = be coloured.
    * ser de sabios = be a point of wisdom.
    * ser desacertado = miss + the mark, miss + the point.
    * ser desastroso = spell + bad news, be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * ser desconocido para = be alien to.
    * ser descorazonador = be dispiriting.
    * ser desoído = be unheeded.
    * ser despiadado = play + hardball.
    * ser detenido = be under arrest.
    * ser de un solo uso = be a one-trip pony.
    * ser de un tipo diferente = be different in kind, differ in + kind (from).
    * ser de un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * ser de uso general = be in general use, be generally available.
    * ser de utilidad = be of use.
    * ser de utilidad a = be of service to.
    * ser diestro en = be skilled at.
    * ser difícil = be a stretch.
    * ser difícil de bregar = be a (real) handful.
    * ser difícil de conseguir = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de creer = beggar + belief.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * ser difícil de lograr = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * ser digno de = merit.
    * ser digno de admiración = deserve + admiration.
    * ser digno de crítica = merit + a critical eye.
    * ser digno de + Infinitivo = be worth + Gerundio.
    * ser diplomático = say + the right thing.
    * ser discutible = be open to question, be open to debate, be at issue.
    * ser dogmático = be dogmatic.
    * ser dos mundos completamente distintos = be poles apart.
    * ser dudoso = be doubtful.
    * ser duro = play + hardball.
    * ser eficaz para + Infinitivo = be efficient at + Gerundio.
    * ser el acabóse = take + the biscuit, take + the cake, be the limit.
    * ser el alma de = be the life of, be the life and soul of.
    * ser el asunto = be the point.
    * ser el beneficiario de = be on the receiving end of.
    * ser el blanco de = be a pushover for.
    * ser el blanco de las críticas = come under + fire.
    * ser el canalizador de = be the conduit for.
    * ser el capitán = skipper, captain.
    * ser el caso (de) = be the case (with).
    * ser el centro de atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show, cut + a dash.
    * ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.
    * ser el colmo = be the last straw, bring + the situation to a head, take + the biscuit, take + the cake, be the limit.
    * ser el contrincante más débil = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * ser el culo del mundo = be the pits.
    * ser elegido = get in.
    * ser elevado = be steep.
    * ser el éxito de la fiesta = steal + the limelight, steal + the show.
    * ser el fin de = sign + a death warrant (for).
    * ser el jefe = be in charge, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * ser el límite = be the limit.
    * ser el mandamás = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * ser el más afectado por = bear + the brunt of.
    * ser el máximo = be the limit.
    * ser el momento clave = mark + the watershed.
    * ser el momento (de) = be the time to.
    * ser el momento decisivo = mark + the watershed.
    * ser el momento de/para = it + be + time to/for.
    * ser el objetivo de Uno = be in business for.
    * ser el orgullo de = be the pride and joy of.
    * ser el origen de = provide + the material for.
    * ser el paraje natural de = be home to.
    * ser el preludio = usher in.
    * ser el primero = be second to none, come out on + top.
    * ser el primero en = lead + the way in.
    * ser el primero en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * ser el punto de partida de = form + the basis of.
    * ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * ser el punto más flaco de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * ser el que con mayor frecuencia = be (the) most likely to.
    * ser el que con menor frecuencia = be (the) least likely to.
    * ser el resultado de = follow from, result from.
    * ser el segundo de a bordo = play + second fiddle.
    * ser el último grito = be all the rage.
    * ser el último mono ser el último mono = feel + pulled and tugged.
    * ser emblemático de = be emblematic of.
    * ser en balde = be of no avail, be to no avail.
    * ser en cierto modo un + Nombre = be something of a + Nombre.
    * ser en vano = be of no avail, be to no avail.
    * ser enviado a = have + the lead to.
    * ser equiparable a = be commensurate with.
    * ser erróneo = be wide of the mark, be wrong.
    * ser escaso = be few and far between, be in short supply.
    * ser esclavo de = be slave to.
    * ser estupendo = sound + great, be fine and dandy.
    * ser estúpido = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * ser exigente al elegir = pick and choose.
    * ser exigente al escoger = pick and choose.
    * ser experto en = be skilled at.
    * ser expulsado de = be dropped from.
    * ser extraño para = be alien to.
    * ser extremadamente + Adjetivo = be too + Adjetivo + by half.
    * ser fácil = be easy.
    * ser fácil de conseguir = be readily available.
    * ser facilísimo = be a snap, be a piece of cake.
    * ser factible de = be amenable to.
    * ser familiar = strike + familiar chords, ring + a bell.
    * ser famoso = gain + recognition, be popular.
    * ser famoso por = famously, have + a track record of.
    * ser favorable = be a plus.
    * ser ficticio = be fiction.
    * ser fiel a = cleave to.
    * ser fructífero = come to + fruition.
    * ser goloso = have + a sweet tooth.
    * ser grosero con = be abusive of.
    * ser hábil para = be adroit at.
    * ser habitual = be customary.
    * ser harina de otro costal = be a different kettle of fish.
    * ser hipertenso = be hyper.
    * ser hora de = it + be + time to/for.
    * ser hora de definirse = time to climb off the fence.
    * ser hora de irse = be time to go.
    * ser hora de marcharse = be time to go.
    * ser hora ya de que = be about time (that), be high time (that/to/for).
    * ser humilde = hide + Posesivo + light under a bushel.
    * sería mejor que + Subjuntivo = better + Infinitivo.
    * ser ideal = suit + best, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * ser ideal para Uno = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea.
    * ser idóneo para = be suited to.
    * ser ignorado = be unheeded.
    * ser igual a = be equivalent to, equal.
    * ser igual que = amount to + the same thing as.
    * ser ilegal = be against the law.
    * ser ilimitado = be boundless.
    * ser implacable = play + hardball.
    * ser imponente = be awe-inspiring.
    * ser importante = be of importance, make + a difference, be of consequence.
    * ser importantísimo = make + all the difference in the world, make + difference in the world.
    * ser importantísimo (para) = be central (to).
    * ser imposible = be dead meat.
    * ser imprescindible = be a must.
    * ser improcedente = be out of order.
    * ser imprudente = be reckless.
    * ser inalterable = set in + stone, set in + tablets of stone.
    * ser incapaz de = be unable to.
    * ser incoherente = Negativo + hold + water.
    * ser incompatible (con) = be irreconcilable (with).
    * ser inconsistente = Negativo + hold + water.
    * ser increíble = beggar + belief.
    * ser independiente = go + Posesivo + own way, stew in + Posesivo + own juice, stand on + Posesivo + own (two) feet.
    * ser indescriptible = beggar + description.
    * ser indispensable = be a must.
    * ser ineficaz = fire + blanks.
    * ser infundado = be unfounded.
    * ser inherente a = inhere in.
    * ser inimaginable = beggar + imagination.
    * ser inminente = be on the cards.
    * ser inmune a = be immune from, be immune against.
    * ser innovador = break + new ground, break + ground.
    * ser innumerable = be without number, be legion.
    * ser innumerables = run into + the thousands.
    * ser insignificante = pale into + insignificance, stick + Algo + on a pin-point, be of no consequence.
    * ser insignificante de = be slight in.
    * ser inteligente = be talented.
    * ser interesante = be of interest (to/for).
    * ser interesante + Infinitivo = be as well + Infinitivo, be well + Infinitivo.
    * ser interesante + Verbo = be neat to + Verbo.
    * ser interminable = there + be + no end to.
    * ser intransigente = play + hardball.
    * ser inútil = fire + blanks.
    * ser irrespetuoso con = disrespect, diss.
    * ser justo = play + fair.
    * ser justo con todos = give the devil his due.
    * ser justo hasta con el diablo = give the devil his due.
    * ser justo lo que se necesita = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * ser justo lo que Uno necesita = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.
    * ser justo que = there + be + justice in.
    * ser juzgado = stand + trial, stand for + trial.
    * ser la abreviatura de = be short for.
    * ser la base de = be at the core of, form + the basis of, be at the heart of.
    * ser la ciudad de = be home to.
    * ser la clave de = hold + the key to.
    * ser la comidilla del barrio = be the talk of the town.
    * ser la comidilla del pueblo = be the talk of the town.
    * ser la consecuencia de = follow from, result from.
    * ser la costumbre = be customary.
    * ser la cuestión = be the point.
    * ser la culminación de Algo = represent + the culmination of, mark + the culmination of.
    * ser la culpa de = be the fault of.
    * ser la debilidad de Alguien = be a sucker for.
    * ser la elección lógica = be a/the natural choice.
    * ser la elección natural = be a/the natural choice.
    * ser la excepción = be the exception.
    * ser la excepción a la regla = constitute + the exception to the rule.
    * ser la excepción que confirma la regla = be the exception rather than the rule.
    * ser la forma abreviada de = be short for.
    * ser la forma de = be a recipe for.
    * ser la fórmula para = be a recipe for.
    * ser la gota que colma el vaso = bring + the situation to a head.
    * ser la idea central de = be at the core of, be at the heart of.
    * ser la imagen de = be a picture of.
    * ser la intención = be the intention.
    * ser la intención de uno = be + Posesivo + intention.
    * ser la manera de = be a recipe for.
    * ser la materia prima de = be grist to + Posesivo + mill.
    * ser la mayoría = be in the majority.
    * ser la mejor alternativa = be the best bet.
    * ser la mejor manera de = be the conduit for.
    * ser lamentable = be a pity.
    * ser la minoría = be in the minority.
    * ser la norma = be the norm, be the rule, become + the norm.
    * ser la novedad = be on the scene.
    * ser la obra de = be the work of.
    * ser la persona ideal para = be the best placed to.
    * ser la persona más indicada para = be in a position to.
    * ser la propia responsabilidad de Alguien = be of + Posesivo + own making.
    * ser la prueba de fuego de Algo = test + Nombre + to the limit.
    * ser la punta de lanza de = spearhead.
    * ser la razón de = lie at + the root of.
    * ser la representación misma de = be a picture of.
    * ser la responsabilidad de = be the responsibility of.
    * ser la responsabilidad de Alguien + Infinitivo = it + lie with + Nombre/Pronombre + to + Infinitivo.
    * ser la última palabra = be all the rage.
    * ser la última persona del mundo que + Infinitivo = be one of the last people in the world to + Infinitivo.
    * ser lector de una biblioteca = library membership.
    * ser lento = be slow off the mark, be slow off the blocks.
    * ser líder en = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * ser lo de Uno = be cut out for, be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.
    * ser lo más parecido a = be as close as we come to.
    * ser lo mismo = be one and the same.
    * ser lo normal = be the order of the day.
    * ser lo principal de = be at the core of, be at the heart of.
    * ser lo que a Uno le encanta = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.
    * ser lo que a Uno le gusta = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea.
    * ser lo que a Uno le interesa = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea.
    * ser lo que a Uno le va = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.
    * ser lo que a Uno más le gusta = be + Posesivo + big scene.
    * ser lo que nos espera = be the shape of things to come.
    * ser lo suficientemente + Adjetivo + como para = be + Adjetivo + enough to.
    * ser lo suficientemente comprensivo = go + far enough.
    * ser lo suficientemente conocido como para que = be sufficiently well known for.
    * serlo todo para todos = be all things to all men, be all things to all people.
    * ser lo último = be all the rage, be the pits.
    * ser lo último en = become + the next stop in.
    * ser lo último en lo que + pensar = be the last thing of + Posesivo + mind.
    * ser lo último que + ocurrir + a Alguien = be the last thing of + Posesivo + mind.
    * ser magnífico + Gerundio = be terrific at + Gerundio.
    * ser malo = be a joke, spell + bad news, make + poor + Nombre.
    * ser maravilloso = sound + great.
    * ser más astuto que = outfox, outwit, outsmart.
    * ser más interno = inner being.
    * ser más un + Nombre = be more of a + Nombre.
    * ser mayor = be older.
    * ser mejor en = be better at.
    * ser mejor que = be superior to, compare + favourably.
    * ser mejor que + Subjuntivo = better + Infinitivo.
    * ser menor = be less.
    * ser menos + Adjetivo = be less of a(n) + Nombre.
    * ser mínimo = be at a minimum.
    * ser mirado de forma extraña = get + some funny looks.
    * ser modesto = hide + Posesivo + light under a bushel.
    * ser molesto = be disturbing.
    * ser moroso = be in default.
    * ser motivador = be motivating.
    * ser motivo de preocupación = loom + large.
    * ser mucho = be a mouthful.
    * ser mucho más = be all the more.
    * ser mucho más que = be far more than.
    * ser muy aconsejable que = be well advised to.
    * ser muy alto = be metres high.
    * ser muy amigo de = be pally with.
    * ser muy antiguo = go ba

    * * *
    /ser/
    = Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión
    * * *

     

    ser ( conjugate ser) cópula
    1 ( seguido de adjetivos) to be
    ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1 es bajo/muy callado he's short/very quiet;

    es sorda de nacimiento she was born deaf;
    es inglés/católico he's English/(a) Catholic;
    era cierto it was true;
    sé bueno, estate quieto be a good boy and keep still;
    que seas muy feliz I hope you'll be very happy;

    (+ me/te/le etc)

    ver tb imposible, difícil etc
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    es viuda she's a widow;
    ver tb estar 1 cópula 2
    3 (seguido de nombre, pronombre) to be;

    ábreme, soy yo open the door, it's me
    4 (con predicado introducido por `de'):

    soy de Córdoba I'm from Cordoba;
    es de los vecinos it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors';
    no soy de aquí I'm not from around here
    5 (hipótesis, futuro):

    ¿será cierto? can it be true?
    verbo intransitivo
    1

    b) (liter) ( en cuentos):

    érase una vez … once upon a time there was …

    2
    a) (tener lugar, ocurrir):


    ¿dónde fue el accidente? where did the accident happen?

    ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him;

    ¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq);
    ¿qué va a ser de nosotros? what will become of us?
    3 ( sumar):
    ¿cuánto es (todo)? how much is that (altogether)?;

    son 3.000 pesos that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos;
    somos diez en total there are ten of us altogether
    4 (indicando finalidad, adecuación) ser para algo to be for sth;

    ( en locs)
    a no ser que (+ subj) unless;

    ¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq);
    como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what;
    hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done;
    el lunes o cuando sea next Monday or whenever;
    puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like;
    de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml);
    ¡eso es! that's it!, that's right!;
    es que …: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?;
    es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim;
    lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something;
    estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes;
    o sea: en febrero, o sea hace un mes in February, that is to say a month ago;
    o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested;
    o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out;
    (ya) sea …, (ya) sea … either …, or …;
    sea como sea at all costs;
    sea cuando sea whenever it is;
    sea donde sea no matter where;
    sea quien sea whoever it is;
    si no fuera/hubiera sido por … if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for …
    ( en el tiempo) to be;
    ¿qué fecha es hoy? what's the date today?, what's today's date;

    serían las cuatro cuando llegó it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived;
    ver tb v impers
    ser v impers to be;

    ser v aux ( en la voz pasiva) to be;
    fue construido en 1900 it was built in 1900
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( ente) being;

    ser humano/vivo human/living being

    b) (individuo, persona):


    2 ( naturaleza):

    ser
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 being: es un ser despreciable, he's despicable
    ser humano, human being
    ser vivo, living being
    2 (esencia) essence: eso forma parte de su ser, that is part of him
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (cualidad) to be: eres muy modesto, you are very modest
    2 (fecha) to be: hoy es lunes, today is Monday
    ya es la una, it's one o'clock
    3 (cantidad) eran unos cincuenta, there were about fifty people
    (al pagar) ¿cuánto es?, how much is it?
    son doscientas, it is two hundred pesetas
    Mat dos y tres son cinco, two and three make five
    4 (causa) aquella mujer fue su ruina, that woman was his ruin
    5 (oficio) to be a(n): Elvira es enfermera, Elvira is a nurse
    6 (pertenencia) esto es mío, that's mine
    es de Pedro, it is Pedro's
    7 (afiliación) to belong: es del partido, he's a member of the party
    es un chico del curso superior, he is a boy from the higher year
    8 (origen) es de Málaga, she is from Málaga
    ¿de dónde es esta fruta? where does this fruit come from?
    9 (composición, material) to be made of: este jersey no es de lana, this sweater is not (made of) wool
    10 ser de, (afinidad, comparación) lo que hizo fue de tontos, what she did was a foolish thing
    11 (existir) Madrid ya no es lo que era, Madrid isn't what it used to be
    12 (suceder) ¿qué fue de ella?, what became of her?
    13 (tener lugar) to be: esta tarde es el entierro, the funeral is this evening 14 ser para, (finalidad) to be for: es para pelar patatas, it's for peeling potatoes
    (adecuación, aptitud) no es una película para niños, the film is not suitable for children
    esta vida no es para ti, this kind of life is not for you
    15 (efecto) era para llorar, it was painful
    es (como) para darle una bofetada, it makes me want to slap his face
    no es para tomárselo a broma, it is no joke
    16 (auxiliar en pasiva) to be: fuimos rescatados por la patrulla de la Cruz Roja, we were rescued by the Red Cross patrol
    17 ser de (+ infinitivo) era de esperar que se marchase, it was to be expected that she would leave
    ♦ Locuciones: a no ser que, unless
    como sea, anyhow
    de no ser por..., had it not been for
    es más, furthermore
    es que..., it's just that...
    lo que sea, whatever
    o sea, that is (to say)
    sea como sea, in any case o be that as it may
    ser de lo que no hay, to be the limit
    ' ser' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - acceder
    - además
    - aficionada
    - aficionado
    - alardear
    - alcanzar
    - alimentar
    - alta
    - alto
    - ambicionar
    - antigüedad
    - aparición
    - arma
    - atinar
    - atorarse
    - aúpa
    - babear
    - básica
    - básico
    - bendición
    - caber
    - cacho
    - cada
    - cafetera
    - cafetero
    - calco
    - callo
    - canela
    - cansada
    - cansado
    - cantar
    - capaz
    - capirote
    - carácter
    - cardo
    - carne
    - carné
    - caso
    - cero
    - colarse
    - comida
    - comidilla
    - comido
    - conmigo
    - conquistador
    - conquistadora
    - contagiarse
    - contemplar
    - contienda
    English:
    accountable
    - addicted
    - adjust
    - allow
    - allowance
    - ambition
    - amount to
    - anathema
    - anomaly
    - arduous
    - around
    - aspire
    - aware
    - bad
    - be
    - beating
    - being
    - belong
    - betray
    - big
    - bill
    - bind over
    - bird
    - booby trap
    - boring
    - bounce
    - can
    - carry
    - catch up
    - cerebral
    - ceremonial
    - ceremony
    - charm
    - chip
    - claim
    - come into
    - come under
    - connoisseur
    - court
    - degree
    - deserve
    - destroy
    - differ
    - do
    - dodger
    - doubly
    - due
    - ear
    - easy
    - edit
    * * *
    ser The auxiliary verb ser is used with the past participle of a verb to form the passive (e.g. la película fue criticada the movie was criticized).
    v aux
    [para formar la voz pasiva] to be;
    fue visto por un testigo he was seen by a witness;
    la propuesta es debatida o [m5] está siendo debatida en el parlamento the proposal is being debated in parliament
    v copulativo
    1. [con adjetivos, sustantivos, pronombres] [indica cualidad, identidad, condición] to be;
    es alto/gracioso he's tall/funny;
    soy chileno/chiapaneco I'm Chilean/from Chiapas;
    es azul/difícil it's blue/difficult;
    sé discreta/paciente be discreet/patient;
    es un amigo/el dueño he's a friend/the owner;
    son unos amigos míos they're friends of mine;
    es el cartero/tu madre it's the postman o US mailman/your mother;
    soy yo, ábreme open up, it's me;
    soy Víctor [al teléfono] it's Víctor;
    la casa es aquella de ahí the house is that one over there;
    es un tipo muy simpático he's a very nice guy;
    ¿es eso verdad? is that true?;
    eso no es cierto that isn't true;
    es obvio que le gustas it's obvious that he likes you;
    no es necesario ir it isn't necessary to go;
    es posible que llueva it may rain;
    no está mal para ser de segunda mano it's not bad considering it's second-hand;
    no pierde sus derechos por ser inmigrante just because he's an immigrant doesn't mean he doesn't have any rights;
    te lo dejo en la mitad por ser tú seeing as o because it's you, I'll let you have it half-price;
    por ser usted, señora, 15 euros to you, madam, 15 euros;
    que seas muy feliz I wish you every happiness, I hope you'll be very happy;
    ¡será imbécil el tipo! the guy must be stupid!;
    este restaurante ya no es lo que era this restaurant isn't as good as it used to be o isn't what it used to be;
    RP Fam
    ser loco por algo to be wild about sth
    2. [con sustantivos, adjetivos] [indica empleo, dedicación, estado civil, religión] to be;
    soy abogado/actriz I'm a lawyer/an actress;
    son estudiantes they're students;
    para ser juez hay que trabajar mucho you have to work very hard to be o become a judge;
    es padre de tres hijos he's a father of three;
    es soltero/casado/divorciado he's single/married/divorced;
    era viuda she was a widow;
    son budistas/protestantes they are Buddhists/Protestants;
    el que fuera gobernador del estado the former governor of the state;
    Am Fam
    ¿tú eres o te haces? are you stupid or what?;
    RP Fam
    ¿vos sos o te hacés? are you stupid or what?
    3. [con "de"] [indica material, origen, propiedad]
    ser de [estar hecho de] to be made of;
    [provenir de] to be from; [pertenecer a] to belong to;
    un juguete que es todo de madera a completely wooden toy, a toy made completely of wood;
    ¿de dónde eres? where are you from?;
    estas pilas son de una linterna these batteries are from a torch;
    ¿es de usted este abrigo? is this coat yours?, does this coat belong to you?;
    los juguetes son de mi hijo the toys are my son's;
    portarse así es de cobardes only cowards behave like that, it's cowardly to behave like that
    4. [con "de"] [indica pertenencia a grupo]
    ser de [club, asociación, partido] to be a member of;
    ¿de qué equipo eres? [aficionado] which team o who do you support?;
    soy del Barcelona I support Barcelona;
    ser de los que… to be one of those people who…;
    ése es de los que están en huelga he is one of those on strike;
    no es de las que se asustan por cualquier cosa she's not one to get scared easily
    vi
    1. [ocurrir, tener lugar] to be;
    fue aquí it was here;
    ¿cuándo es la boda? when's the wedding?;
    la final era ayer the final was yesterday;
    ¿cómo fue lo de tu accidente? how did your accident happen?;
    ¿qué fue de aquel amigo tuyo? what happened to that friend of yours?;
    ¿qué es de Pablo? how's Pablo (getting on)?
    2. [constituir, consistir en] to be;
    fue un acierto que nos quedáramos en casa we were right to stay at home;
    lo importante es decidirse the important thing is to reach a decision;
    su ambición era dar la vuelta al mundo her ambition was to travel round the world;
    tratar así de mal a la gente es buscarse problemas treating people so badly is asking for trouble
    3. [con fechas, horas] to be;
    ¿qué (día) es hoy? what day is it today?, what's today?;
    hoy es jueves today's Thursday, it's Thursday today;
    ¿qué (fecha) es hoy? what's the date today?, what date is it today?;
    mañana será 15 de julio tomorrow (it) will be 15 July;
    ¿qué hora es? what time is it?, what's the time?;
    son las tres (de la tarde) it's three o'clock (in the afternoon), it's three (pm);
    serán o [m5] deben de ser las tres it must be three (o'clock)
    4. [con precios] to be;
    ¿cuánto es? how much is it?;
    son 300 pesos that'll be 300 pesos;
    ¿a cómo son esos tomates? how much are those tomatoes?
    5. [con cifras, en operaciones] to be;
    ellos eran unos 500 there were about 500 of them;
    11 por 100 son 1.100 11 times 100 is 1,100
    6. [servir, ser adecuado]
    ser para to be for;
    este trapo es para (limpiar) las ventanas this cloth is for (cleaning) the windows;
    este libro es para niños this book is for children;
    la ciudad no es para mí the city isn't for me
    7. [con "de" más infinitivo] [indica necesidad, posibilidad]
    es de desear que… it is to be hoped that…;
    era de esperar que pasara algo así it was to be expected that something like that would happen;
    es de suponer que aparecerá presumably, he'll turn up;
    es de temer cuando se enoja she's really scary when she gets angry
    8. [para recalcar, poner énfasis]
    ése es el que me lo contó he's the one who told me;
    lo que es a mí, no me llamaron they certainly didn't call me, they didn't call me, anyway;
    ¿es que ya no te acuerdas? don't you remember any more, then?, you mean you don't remember any more?
    9. [indica excusa, motivo]
    es que no me hacen caso but o the thing is they don't listen to me;
    es que no vine porque estaba enfermo the reason I didn't come is that I was ill, I didn't come because I was ill, you see;
    ¿cómo es que no te han avisado? how come they didn't tell you?
    10. Literario [existir]
    Platón, uno de los grandes sabios que en el mundo han sido Plato, one of the wisest men ever to walk this earth
    11. [en frases]
    a no ser que venga unless she comes;
    tengo que conseguirlo (sea) como sea I have to get it one way or another;
    hay que evitar (sea) como sea que se entere we have to prevent her from finding out at all costs o no matter what;
    hazlo cuando sea do it whenever;
    de no ser/haber sido por… if it weren't/hadn't been for…;
    de no ser por él no estaríamos vivos if it weren't for him, we wouldn't be alive;
    de no ser así otherwise;
    de ser así if that should happen;
    déjalo donde sea leave it anywhere o wherever;
    érase una vez, érase que se era once upon a time;
    dile lo que sea, da igual tell her anything o whatever, it doesn't make any difference;
    haré lo que sea para recuperar mi dinero I will do whatever it takes o anything to get my money back;
    se enfadó, y no era para menos she got angry, and not without reason;
    no sea que…, no vaya a ser que… in case…;
    la llamaré ahora no sea que luego me olvide I'll call her now in case I forget later;
    Estados Unidos y Japón, o sea, las dos economías mundiales más importantes the United States and Japan, that is to say o in other words, the two most important economies in the world;
    50 euros, o sea unas 8.300 pesetas 50 euros, that's about 8,300 pesetas;
    o sea que no quieres venir so you don't want to come then?;
    por si fuera poco as if that wasn't enough;
    habla con quien sea talk to anyone;
    sea quien sea no abras la puerta don't open the door, whoever it is;
    si no fuera/hubiera sido por… if it weren't/hadn't been for…;
    Am
    siendo que… seeing that o as…, given that…;
    Am
    siendo que tienes la plata, cómprate el vestido más caro seeing as o since you've got the money, buy yourself the more expensive dress
    v impersonal
    [indica tiempo] to be;
    es muy tarde it's rather late;
    era de noche/de día it was night/day
    nm
    1. [ente] being;
    seres de otro planeta beings from another planet
    ser humano human being;
    Ser Supremo Supreme Being;
    los seres vivos living things
    2. [persona] person;
    sus seres queridos his loved ones
    3. [existencia]
    mis padres me dieron el ser my parents gave me my life
    4. [esencia, naturaleza] being;
    la quiero con todo mi ser I love her with all my being o soul
    * * *
    f abr (= Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión) network of independent Spanish radio stations
    * * *
    ser {77} vi
    1) : to be
    él es mi hermano: he is my brother
    Camila es linda: Camila is pretty
    2) : to exist, to live
    ser, o no ser: to be or not to be
    3) : to take place, to occur
    el concierto es el domingo: the concert is on Sunday
    4) (used with expressions of time, date, season)
    son las diez: it's ten o'clock
    hoy es el 9: today's the 9th
    5) : to cost, to come to
    ¿cuánto es?: how much is it?
    6) (with the future tense) : to be able to be
    ¿será posible?: can it be possible?
    7)
    ser de : to come from
    somos de Managua: we're from Managua
    8)
    ser de : to belong to
    ese lápiz es de Juan: that's Juan's pencil
    9)
    es que : the thing is that
    es que no lo conozco: it's just that I don't know him
    ¡sea! : agreed!, all right!
    sea... sea : either... or
    la cuenta ha sido pagada: the bill has been paid
    él fue asesinado: he was murdered
    ser nm
    : being
    ser humano: human being
    * * *
    ser1 n (ente) being
    ser2 vb
    1. (en general) to be
    2. (estar hecho) to be made
    3. (pertenecer) to belong
    este libro es de María this book belongs to María / this book is María's

    Spanish-English dictionary > ser

  • 18 rest

    I
    1. rest noun
    1) (a (usually short) period of not working etc after, or between periods of, effort; (a period of) freedom from worries etc: Digging the garden is hard work - let's stop for a rest; Let's have/take a rest; I need a rest from all these problems - I'm going to take a week's holiday.) descanso, reposo
    2) (sleep: He needs a good night's rest.) descanso, sueño
    3) (something which holds or supports: a book-rest; a headrest on a car seat.) apoyo, soporte
    4) (a state of not moving: The machine is at rest.) en reposo

    2. verb
    1) (to (allow to) stop working etc in order to get new strength or energy: We've been walking for four hours - let's stop and rest; Stop reading for a minute and rest your eyes; Let's rest our legs.) descansar, reposar
    2) (to sleep; to lie or sit quietly in order to get new strength or energy, or because one is tired: Mother is resting at the moment.) descansar, reposar(se)
    3) (to (make or allow to) lean, lie, sit, remain etc on or against something: Her head rested on his shoulder; He rested his hand on her arm; Her gaze rested on the jewels.) descansar sobre, apoyar(se)
    4) (to relax, be calm etc: I will never rest until I know the murderer has been caught.) relajarse, estar tranquilo
    5) (to (allow to) depend on: Our hopes now rest on him, since all else has failed.) depender de
    6) ((with with) (of a duty etc) to belong to: The choice rests with you.) corresponder
    - restfully
    - restfulness
    - restless
    - restlessly
    - restlessness
    - rest-room
    - at rest
    - come to rest
    - lay to rest
    - let the matter rest
    - rest assured
    - set someone's mind at rest

    II rest
    rest1 n
    1. descanso / reposo
    I'm tired, I need a rest estoy cansado, necesito un descanso
    2. los demás
    where are the rest of the players? ¿dónde están los demás jugadores?
    3. el resto
    rest2 vb
    1. descansar
    2. apoyar
    tr[rest]
    1 quedar
    you may rest assured that... puede tener la seguridad de que...
    1 el resto
    Tom came, but the rest stayed at home vino Tom, pero los demás se quedaron en casa
    ————————
    tr[rest]
    1 (repose) descanso, reposo
    1 (relax) descansar
    2 (lean) apoyar
    1 (relax) descansar
    2 (be calm) quedarse tranquilo,-a
    3 (depend) depender (on, de)
    1 (lean) apoyar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at rest en reposo
    give it a rest! ¡déjalo ya!, ¡basta ya!
    Rest in peace Descanse en paz
    to lay to rest enterrar
    to set somebody's mind at rest tranquilizar a alguien
    rest cure cura de reposo
    rest room SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL servicios nombre masculino plural
    rest home (for the ill) casa de reposo 2 (for the elderly) asilo
    rest ['rɛst] vi
    1) repose: reposar, descansar
    2) relax: quedarse tranquilo
    3) stop: pararse, detenerse
    4) depend: basarse (en), descansar (sobre), depender (de)
    the decision rests with her: la decisión pesa sobre ella
    5)
    to rest on : apoyarse en, descansar sobre
    to rest on one's arm: apoyarse en el brazo
    rest vt
    1) relax: descansar
    2) support: apoyar
    3)
    to rest one's eyes on : fijar la mirada en
    rest n
    1) relaxation, repose: reposo m, descanso m
    2) support: soporte m, apoyo m
    3) : silencio m (en música)
    4) remainder: resto m
    5)
    to come to rest : pararse
    n.
    descanso s.m.
    espera s.f.
    feria s.f.
    huelga s.f.
    parada s.f.
    pausa s.f.
    paz s.f.
    poso s.m.
    reposo s.m.
    restante s.m.
    resto s.m.
    silencio s.m.
    v.
    apoyarse v.
    descansar v.
    quedar v.
    reposar v.
    sestear v.
    sosegar v.
    rest
    I
    1) noun
    2)
    a) c ( break) descanso m

    rest FROM something: I need a rest from cooking/work necesito descansar de la cocina/de mi trabajo; to give something a rest (colloq) dejar de hacer algo; give it a rest! — basta ya!, cambia de disco! (fam)

    b) u ( relaxation) descanso m, reposo m

    try to get some/a good night's rest — trata de descansar un poco/de dormir bien esta noche

    to lay somebody to rest — (euph) enterrar* or (frml) dar* sepultura a alguien

    to lay something to rest — enterrar* algo; (before n) <day, period> de descanso

    3) u ( motionlessness) reposo m

    to come to rest — detenerse*

    4) c ( support) apoyo m
    5) c ( Mus) silencio m
    6) ( remainder)

    the rest: the rest of the money el resto del dinero, el dinero restante; the rest of them have finished los demás han terminado; the rest of the children los demás niños, los otros niños; and all the rest of it — y todo eso, etcétera, etcétera


    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( relax) descansar

    to rest easy — estar* tranquilo

    b) ( lie buried) (liter) descansar (liter)
    2)

    to rest ON something: his head rested on my shoulder tenía la cabeza recostada en or apoyada sobre mi hombro; the structure rests on eight massive pillars — la estructura descansa sobre ocho columnas gigantescas

    b) (be based, depend)

    to rest ON something\<\<argument/theory\>\> estar* basado or basarse en algo, descansar sobre algo

    c) ( stop)

    to rest ON something/somebody — \<\<eyes/gaze\>\> detenerse* or (liter) posarse sobre algo/alguien

    3)
    a) ( remain)

    let the matter restmejor no decir (or hacer etc) nada más

    to rest WITH somebody\<\<responsibility\>\> recaer* sobre alguien

    c) ( Law)

    the prosecution/defense rests — ha terminado el alegato del fiscal/de la defensa


    2.
    vt
    1) ( relax) descansar

    I stopped for a while to rest my feet/eyes — paré un rato para descansar los pies/ojos; case I 5)

    2) ( place for support) apoyar

    she rested her elbows on the tableapoyó or puso los codos sobre la mesa

    Phrasal Verbs:

    I [rest]
    1. N
    1) (=repose) descanso m

    I need a rest — necesito descansar, me hace falta un descanso

    to be at rest — (=not moving) estar en reposo; euph (=dead) descansar

    to come to rest — [ball, vehicle, person] pararse, detenerse; [bird, insect, eyes, gaze] posarse

    day of rest — día m de descanso

    I need a rest from gardening — me hace falta descansar de la jardinería

    try to get some rest — intenta descansar

    to give sth a rest — dejar algo (por un tiempo)

    give it a rest! * — ¡déjalo ya!, ¡vale ya! *

    to have or take a rest — tomarse un descanso

    why don't you have or take a rest? — (=take a break) ¿por qué no te tomas un descanso?; (=lie down) ¿por qué no descansas un rato?

    to lay sb to rest — enterrar a algn

    to lay or put sth to rest — [+ theory] enterrar algo

    bed 3., change 1., 1), mind 1., 1), wicked
    2) (Mus) silencio m
    3) (=support) apoyo m, soporte m ; (Billiards) soporte m ; (Telec) horquilla f
    2. VT
    1) (=give rest to) descansar

    to rest o.s.descansar

    God rest his soul! — ¡Dios le acoja en su seno!

    2) (=support) apoyar (on en, sobre) ( against contra)
    3) (=settle)

    to rest one's eyes/ gaze on sth — posar la mirada en algo

    4) (Jur)

    to rest one's caseconcluir su alegato

    I rest my case — concluyo mi alegato; (fig) hum he dicho

    3. VI
    1) (=repose) descansar

    may he rest in peaceeuph que en paz descanse

    laurel
    2) (=lean, be supported) [person] apoyarse (on en); [roof, structure] estar sostenido (on por); (fig) [responsibility] pesar (on sobre)
    3) (=alight) [eyes, gaze] posarse
    4) (=depend, be based) [argument, case] basarse (on en); [sb's future] depender (on de)
    5) (=be, remain) quedar

    the decision rests with her, it rests with her to decide — la decisión la tiene que tomar ella, ella es la que tiene que decidir, la decisión es suya

    assure, easy 1., 2)
    6) (Theat)
    euph
    7) (Jur)

    the defence/prosecution rests — la defensa/el fiscal concluye su alegato

    4.
    CPD

    rest area N — (Aut) área f de descanso

    rest cure Ncura f de reposo

    rest day Ndía m de descanso

    rest home Nresidencia f de ancianos, asilo m (de ancianos)

    rest period Nperíodo m de descanso

    rest room N(US) servicios mpl, baño(s) m(pl) (LAm)

    rest stop N(=pause) parada f para descansar, parada f de descanso

    (Aut) = rest area
    II
    [rest]
    N

    the rest(=remainder) [of money, food, month] el resto; [of people, things] el resto, los/las demás

    I'm taking the rest of the week offme tomaré el resto or lo que queda de la semana libre

    you go home - I'll do the rest — tú vete a casa, yo hago lo demás or lo que queda

    I'll take half of the money - you keep the rest — yo me llevo la mitad del dinero, tú te quedas con el resto

    the rest of the boys — los otros chicos, los demás chicos

    the rest of them couldn't care lessa los demás or a los otros les trae sin cuidado

    what shall we give the rest of them? — ¿qué les daremos a los otros?

    the rest of the soldiers — los otros soldados, los demás soldados

    all the rest of the books — todos los demás libros, todos los otros libros

    it was just another grave like all the rest — no era más que otra tumba, como todas las demás or todas las otras

    and all the rest (of it) * — etcétera, etcétera *

    he was from a wealthy family, went to Eton, Oxford and all the rest of it — era de familia rica, estudió en Eton, Oxford etcétera, etcétera *

    only there did his age show, for the rest, he might have been under seventy — solo en eso se le notaba la edad, por lo demás, podía haber tenido menos de setenta años

    history
    * * *
    [rest]
    I
    1) noun
    2)
    a) c ( break) descanso m

    rest FROM something: I need a rest from cooking/work necesito descansar de la cocina/de mi trabajo; to give something a rest (colloq) dejar de hacer algo; give it a rest! — basta ya!, cambia de disco! (fam)

    b) u ( relaxation) descanso m, reposo m

    try to get some/a good night's rest — trata de descansar un poco/de dormir bien esta noche

    to lay somebody to rest — (euph) enterrar* or (frml) dar* sepultura a alguien

    to lay something to rest — enterrar* algo; (before n) <day, period> de descanso

    3) u ( motionlessness) reposo m

    to come to rest — detenerse*

    4) c ( support) apoyo m
    5) c ( Mus) silencio m
    6) ( remainder)

    the rest: the rest of the money el resto del dinero, el dinero restante; the rest of them have finished los demás han terminado; the rest of the children los demás niños, los otros niños; and all the rest of it — y todo eso, etcétera, etcétera


    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( relax) descansar

    to rest easy — estar* tranquilo

    b) ( lie buried) (liter) descansar (liter)
    2)

    to rest ON something: his head rested on my shoulder tenía la cabeza recostada en or apoyada sobre mi hombro; the structure rests on eight massive pillars — la estructura descansa sobre ocho columnas gigantescas

    b) (be based, depend)

    to rest ON something\<\<argument/theory\>\> estar* basado or basarse en algo, descansar sobre algo

    c) ( stop)

    to rest ON something/somebody — \<\<eyes/gaze\>\> detenerse* or (liter) posarse sobre algo/alguien

    3)
    a) ( remain)

    let the matter restmejor no decir (or hacer etc) nada más

    to rest WITH somebody\<\<responsibility\>\> recaer* sobre alguien

    c) ( Law)

    the prosecution/defense rests — ha terminado el alegato del fiscal/de la defensa


    2.
    vt
    1) ( relax) descansar

    I stopped for a while to rest my feet/eyes — paré un rato para descansar los pies/ojos; case I 5)

    2) ( place for support) apoyar

    she rested her elbows on the tableapoyó or puso los codos sobre la mesa

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > rest

  • 19 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 20 apoyar

    v.
    1 to lean, to rest.
    apoya la cabeza en mi hombro rest your head on my shoulder
    apoyó la bicicleta contra la pared she leant the bicycle against the wall
    Ricardo apoya su cabeza sobre la silla Richard leans his head on the chair.
    2 to support.
    lo apoyó mucho durante su depresión she gave him a lot of support when he was depressed
    3 to back up, to stand up for, to advocate, to endorse.
    Ella apoya los proyectos ecológicos She backs up ecological projects.
    4 to prop, to uphold, to backstop.
    Ella apoyó las vigas en la pared She propped the beams on the wall.
    * * *
    1 to lean, rest
    2 (fundar) to base, found
    3 figurado (defender algo) to support; (defender a alguien) to back, support
    1 (descansar) to lean (en, on), rest (en, on), stand (en, on)
    2 (dar el brazo) to hold on (en, to)
    3 figurado (basarse) to be based (en, on)
    ¿en qué te apoyas para decir eso? what do you base your arguments on?
    * * *
    verb
    1) to support, back
    2) rest, lean
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=reclinar) to rest, lean

    apoya la cabeza en mi hombrorest o lean your head on my shoulder

    no apoyes los codos en la mesadon't put o lean your elbows on the table

    2) (=ayudar) to support
    3) (=basar) to base
    4) (=secundar) [+ propuesta, idea] to support
    5) (Arquit, Téc) to support
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( hacer descansar) to rest

    apóyalo contra la paredlean o rest it against the wall

    2)
    a) ( respaldar) <propuesta/persona> to back, support

    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativano one backed o supported her initiative

    b) < teoría> to support, bear out
    2.
    apoyarse v pron
    1) (para sostenerse, descansar)
    2) (basarse, fundarse)

    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer tal acusación? — what are you basing your accusation on?

    * * *
    = back, boost, endorse, espouse, give + support, give + weight to, lend + weight to, offer + support, support, sustain, align + Reflexivo + with, prop, buttress, lend + support, undergird, bolster, add + weight to, add + Posesivo + weight to, buy into, shore up, back into, second, ditto, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, plump for, forward, back + Nombre + up.
    Ex. Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex. If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex. These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex. Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex. If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex. The resulting compromise in the overall design principles followed is, therefore, likely to give greater weight to these conventional needs.
    Ex. They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex. I have many people to acknowledge, beginning with my co-editor who offered untiring support and many useful suggestions in putting together the institutes.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex. This article argues that fiction is an area of stock development which would readily achieve the goals of development with which public librarians have aligned themselves.
    Ex. The type cases were propped up for use on a timber frame at a convenient working height.
    Ex. Authors were often buttressed in their novel writing by other pieces of freelance writing.
    Ex. The librarian who lends support to those who criticize the organization which employs him is likely also to find his position difficult.
    Ex. Both libraries sought to undergird their partnership essential to a central role in collegiate education.
    Ex. Bibliometric studies used to bolster the subjective opinions of librarians are not always useful for specialized areas.
    Ex. Measurement of library activities can provide the evidence to erase misconceptions and add weight to those aspects of service that present a more powerful image = La medición de las actividades bibliotecarias puede proporcionar las pruebas necesarias para erradicar falsas ideas y apoyar aquellos aspectos del servicio que presentan una mejor imagen de la biblioteca.
    Ex. But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex. The vendor, like the academic librarian it services, it must buy into the mission of the academic institution.
    Ex. This project seeks to return control of scholarly publications to the academy and to shore up the case for publication of genuine scholarly works.
    Ex. To the best of my knowledge, most of the big research libraries backed into the world of media = Según mi opinión, la mayoría de las bibliotecas académicas apostaron por adquirir todo tipo de soporte.
    Ex. Most of the proposals for establishing gender studies were seconded.
    Ex. I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex. It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex. I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex. The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex. There is some discussion as to what RSS stands for, but the majority plump for 'Really Simple Syndication'.
    Ex. In order to forward the mission of the University, specific programs will be targeted for growth, consolidation, and possible elimination.
    Ex. Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or 'constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    ----
    * apoyar Algo completamente = put + Posesivo + muscle behind + Nombre.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * apoyar en = lean against.
    * apoyar la idea = endorse + the idea.
    * apoyar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * apoyar + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * apoyarse en = lean on/upon, inform.
    * apoyarse sobre = rest on/upon.
    * apoyar una causa = forward + cause, support + cause.
    * apoyar una idea = favour + idea.
    * apoyar una opinión = support + contention.
    * apoyar un argumento = support + contention.
    * apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.
    * persona que apoya una moción o propuesta = seconder.
    * que apoya moralmente = supportive.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( hacer descansar) to rest

    apóyalo contra la paredlean o rest it against the wall

    2)
    a) ( respaldar) <propuesta/persona> to back, support

    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativano one backed o supported her initiative

    b) < teoría> to support, bear out
    2.
    apoyarse v pron
    1) (para sostenerse, descansar)
    2) (basarse, fundarse)

    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer tal acusación? — what are you basing your accusation on?

    * * *
    = back, boost, endorse, espouse, give + support, give + weight to, lend + weight to, offer + support, support, sustain, align + Reflexivo + with, prop, buttress, lend + support, undergird, bolster, add + weight to, add + Posesivo + weight to, buy into, shore up, back into, second, ditto, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, plump for, forward, back + Nombre + up.

    Ex: Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.

    Ex: If the title is selected by a book club this helps boost the print-run and overall sales.
    Ex: These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex: Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex: If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.
    Ex: The resulting compromise in the overall design principles followed is, therefore, likely to give greater weight to these conventional needs.
    Ex: They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex: I have many people to acknowledge, beginning with my co-editor who offered untiring support and many useful suggestions in putting together the institutes.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex: This article argues that fiction is an area of stock development which would readily achieve the goals of development with which public librarians have aligned themselves.
    Ex: The type cases were propped up for use on a timber frame at a convenient working height.
    Ex: Authors were often buttressed in their novel writing by other pieces of freelance writing.
    Ex: The librarian who lends support to those who criticize the organization which employs him is likely also to find his position difficult.
    Ex: Both libraries sought to undergird their partnership essential to a central role in collegiate education.
    Ex: Bibliometric studies used to bolster the subjective opinions of librarians are not always useful for specialized areas.
    Ex: Measurement of library activities can provide the evidence to erase misconceptions and add weight to those aspects of service that present a more powerful image = La medición de las actividades bibliotecarias puede proporcionar las pruebas necesarias para erradicar falsas ideas y apoyar aquellos aspectos del servicio que presentan una mejor imagen de la biblioteca.
    Ex: But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex: The vendor, like the academic librarian it services, it must buy into the mission of the academic institution.
    Ex: This project seeks to return control of scholarly publications to the academy and to shore up the case for publication of genuine scholarly works.
    Ex: To the best of my knowledge, most of the big research libraries backed into the world of media = Según mi opinión, la mayoría de las bibliotecas académicas apostaron por adquirir todo tipo de soporte.
    Ex: Most of the proposals for establishing gender studies were seconded.
    Ex: I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex: It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex: I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex: The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex: There is some discussion as to what RSS stands for, but the majority plump for 'Really Simple Syndication'.
    Ex: In order to forward the mission of the University, specific programs will be targeted for growth, consolidation, and possible elimination.
    Ex: Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or 'constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    * apoyar Algo completamente = put + Posesivo + muscle behind + Nombre.
    * apoyar de nuevo = reendorse.
    * apoyar en = lean against.
    * apoyar la idea = endorse + the idea.
    * apoyar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * apoyar + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * apoyarse en = lean on/upon, inform.
    * apoyarse sobre = rest on/upon.
    * apoyar una causa = forward + cause, support + cause.
    * apoyar una idea = favour + idea.
    * apoyar una opinión = support + contention.
    * apoyar un argumento = support + contention.
    * apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.
    * persona que apoya una moción o propuesta = seconder.
    * que apoya moralmente = supportive.

    * * *
    apoyar [A1 ]
    vt
    apoya la escalera contra la pared lean o rest the ladder against the wall
    con la cabeza apoyada en su hombro with her head resting on his shoulder
    no se debe apoyar los codos sobre la mesa you mustn't put o rest your elbows on the table
    hay que apoyar todo el peso del cuerpo sobre una pierna you have to put all your weight on one foot
    B
    1 (respaldar) ‹propuesta/persona› to back, support
    ¿me vas a apoyar si me quejo? are you going to back me (up) o support me if I complain?
    no apoyamos la huelga we do not support the strike
    nadie la apoyó en su iniciativa no one backed o supported her initiative
    apoyar técnica y financieramente su desarrollo to give technical and financial support o backing for its development
    2 ‹teoría› to support, bear out
    no hay pruebas que apoyen esta hipótesis there is no evidence to bear out o support this hypothesis
    A (para sostenerse, descansar) apoyarse EN algo to lean ON sth
    caminaba lentamente apoyándose en un bastón she walked slowly, leaning on a walking stick o using a walking stick for support
    se apoya demasiado en su familia he relies too much on his family (for support), he leans too heavily on his family
    B (basarse, fundarse) apoyarse EN algo to be based ON sth
    se apoyó en estas cifras para defender su teoría he used these figures to defend his theory
    ¿en qué se apoya para hacer semejante acusación? what are you basing your accusation on?, what is the basis of your accusation?
    * * *

     

    apoyar ( conjugate apoyar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( hacer descansar) apoyar (algo en algo) to rest (sth on sth);

    2
    a) ( respaldar) ‹propuesta/persona to back, support


    apoyarse verbo pronominal
    1 (para sostenerse, descansar) apoyarse en algo to lean on sth
    2 (basarse, fundarse) apoyarse en algo to be based on sth
    apoyar verbo transitivo
    1 to lean
    2 (causa) to support
    ' apoyar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    refrendar
    - agarrar
    - ir
    - recostar
    - respaldar
    - sostener
    English:
    advocate
    - back
    - back up
    - bolster
    - buttress
    - champion
    - endorse
    - lean
    - prop
    - prop up
    - reinforce
    - rest
    - root for
    - stand by
    - support
    - root
    - sponsor
    - stand
    * * *
    vt
    1. [inclinar] to lean, to rest;
    apoya la cabeza en mi hombro rest your head on my shoulder;
    apoyó la bicicleta contra la pared she leant the bicycle against the wall;
    apoyó los codos sobre la mesa he leant his elbows on the table
    2. [respaldar] to support;
    todos apoyaron su decisión everyone supported her decision;
    lo apoyó mucho durante su depresión she gave him a lot of support when he was depressed;
    los directivos los apoyaron en su protesta management supported their protest
    3. [basar] to base;
    apoya su teoría en datos concretos her theory is based on o supported by concrete statistics
    * * *
    v/t
    1 lean (en against), rest (en against)
    2 ( respaldar, confirmar) support
    * * *
    apoyar vt
    1) : to support, to back
    2) : to lean, to rest
    * * *
    apoyar vb
    1. (en general) to lean [pt. & pp. leant]
    2. (descansar) to rest
    3. (defender) to support

    Spanish-English dictionary > apoyar

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